Endoprótesis metálicas autoexpandibles en la obstrucción maligna esofágica y gastroduodenal
Palabras clave:
prótesis, cáncer de esófago, cáncer de estomago, endoscopia gastrointestinalResumen
El manejo de la obstrucción maligna gastrointestinal representa un gran reto. La mayoría de los pacientes se encuentran en un avanzado estado de descompensación por su tumoración de base y no son buenos candidatos para procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores. Recientemente, las prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles han emergido como una alternativa efectiva y segura, con menor invasión para el tratamiento de la obstrucción maligna esofágica y gastroduodenal. El presente estudio evalúa en forma prospectiva la experiencia con 99 stents esofágicos y 60 gastroduodenales en los últimos 4 años, con una revisión de la literatura. El éxito técnico y clínico fue del 96 y 85% respectivamente. La mayoría de los pacientes toleraron la dieta oral a las 36 horas de la colocación del stent. No hubo complicaciones mayores como sangrado, perforación o muertes. En 13 pacientes hubo manifestaciones de obstrucción del stent que se manejaron endoscópicamente. Nuestro estudio confirma la eficacia de los stents en la paliación de la obstrucción maligna gastroduodenal y esofágica con unos índices de complicación bajo.
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Referencias bibliográficas
1. Acunas B, Rozanes I, Akpinar S, Tunaci A, Tunaci M, Acunas G. Palliation of malignant esophageal strictures with self-expanding nitinol stents: drawbacks and complications. Radiology 1996;199:648-52.
2. Adler DG, Baron TH. Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expanding metallic stents: experience in 36 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:72-78.
3. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U. Treatment of esophageal fistulas with a new polyurethane-covered, self-expanding mesh stent: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2143-2146.
4. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N, et al. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:596-602.
5. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures near the upper esophageal sphincter. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 300-303.
6. Bezzi M, Orsi F, Salvatori FM, Maccioni F, Rossi P. Self-expandable nitinol stent for the management of biliary obstruction: long-term clinical results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994;5:287-293.
7. Binkert CA, Jost R, Steiner A, Zollikofer CL. Benign and malignant stenoses of the stomach and duodenum: treatment with self-expanding metallic endoprostheses. Radiology 1996; 199:335–338.
8. Campion JP, Bourdelat D, Launois B. Surgical treatment of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas. Am J Surg 1983;146:641-6.
9. Castaño R, Ruiz M, Sanín E. Stent esofágico de nitinol en el manejo de las fístulas esofagorrespiratorias malignas. Revista Col de Gastroenterol 2003, 18 (2): 78-82
10. Castaño R, Ruiz M, Juliao F, Sanín E, et al. Eficacia de un nuevo stent de nitinol fabricado localmente, en el tratamiento de la obstrucción maligna esofágica. Rev Colom Gastroenterol 2003;18:211-221.
11. Castaño R, Álvarez O, Ruiz M, Juliao F, Sanín E, Erebrie F. Nitinol autoexpandable stent in malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Endoscopy 2004;36 (Suppl I):A242.
12. Chan AC, Shin FG, Lam YH, et al. A comparison study on physical properties of self-expandable esophageal metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:462-465.
13. Chen JS, Luh SP, Lee F, Tsai CI, Lee JM, Lee YC. Use of esophagectomy to treat recurrent hyperplastic tissue obstruction caused by multiple metallic stent insertion for corrosive stricture. Endoscopy 2000;32:542-545.
14. Chowhan NM. Injurious effects of radiation on the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:115-120.
15. Conlan AA, Nicolaou N, Delikaris PG, Pool R. Pessimism concerning palliative bypass procedures for established malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas: a report of 18 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:108-110.
16. Cwikiel W, Willen R, Stridheck H, Lillo-Gil R, Von Holstein CS. Self expanding stent in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures: experimental study in pigs and presentation of clinical cases. Radiology 1993;187:667-71
17. De Baere T, Harry G, Ducreaux M, et al. Self-expanding metallic stents as palliative treatment of malignant gastroduodenal stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1079-1083.
18. Do YS, Song HY, Lee BH, et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula associated with esophageal cancer: treatment with a Gianturco stent tube. Radiology 1993;187:673-677.
19. Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:346-354.
20. Feretis C, Benakis P, Dimopoulos C, et al. Palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction with self-expanding metal stents. Endoscopy 1996;28:225-228.
21. Feretis C, Benakis P, Dimopoulos C, Manouras A, Tsimbloulis B, Apostolidis N. Duodenal obstruction caused by pancreatic head carcinoma: palliation with self expandable endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46:161-165.
22. Fiorini AB, Goldin E, Valero JL, et al. Expandable metal coil stent for treatment of broncho-esophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:81-83.
23. Gukovsky-Reicher S, Lin RM, Sial S, Garrett B, Wu D, Lee T, Lee H, et al. Self-expandable metal stents in palliation of malignant gastrointestinal obstruction: review of the current literature data and 5-year experience at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Med Gen Med 2003;10;5:16.
24. Han YM, Song HY, Lee JM et al., Esophagorespiratory fistula due to esophageal carcinoma: palliation with a covered Gianturco-Stent. Radiology 1996;199:65-79.
25. Hausegger KA, Kleinert R, Lammer J, et al. Malignant biliary obstruction: histologic findings after treatment with self-expandable stents. Radiology 1992;185:461-464.
26. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun JM. Cancer Statistics, 2003 CA. 2003;53:5-26.
27. Jung GS, Song HY, Kang SG, et al. Malignant gastroduodenal obstructions: treatment by means of a covered expandable metallic stent-initial experience. Radiol 2000;216:758-763.
28. Jung GS, Song HY, Seo TS, Park SJ, Koo JY, Huh JD, Cho YD. Malignant gastric outlet obstructions: treatment by means of coaxial placement of uncovered and covered expandable nitinol stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:275-283.
29. Kim JH, Yoo BM, Lee KJ, et al. Self-expanding coil stent with a long delivery system for palliation of unresectable malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a prospective study. Endoscopy 2001;33:838-842.
30. Kinsman KJ, De Gregorio BT, Katon RM, et al. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43:196-203
31. Kozarek RA, Raltz S, Brugge WR et al. Prospective multicenter trial of esophageal Z-stent placement for malignant dysphagia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 562-567
32. Laasch HU, Nicholson DA, Kay CL, et al. The clinical effectiveness of the Gianturco esophageal stent in malignant esophageal obstruction. Clin Radiol 1998;53:666-672.
33. Lopera J, Alvarez O, Zúñiga-Castañeda A, Castaño R. Initial Experience with Song´s covered duodenal stent in the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1297-1303.
34. Macken E, Gevers A, Hiele M, et al. Treatment of esophagorespiratory fistulas with polyurethane-covered self-expanding metallic mesh stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:324-326.
35. Maccioni F, Rossi M, Salvatori FM, Ricci P, Bezzi M, Rossi P. Metallic stents in benign biliary strictures: three-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992;15:360-366.
36. Maetani I, Inoue H, Sato M, Ohashi S, Igarashi Y, Sakai Y. Peroral insertion techniques of self- expanding metal stents for malignant gastric outlet and duodenal stenosis. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:468-471.
37. Martini N, Goodner JT, D’Angio GJ, et al. Tracheo-esophageal fistula due to cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970;59:319-324.
38. Mayoral W, Fleischer D, Salcedo J, Roy P, Al-Kawas F, Benjamin S. Nonmalignant obstruction is a common problem with metal stents in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:556-559.
39. May A, Ell C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with gianturco-z stents a prospective clinical trial and review of the literature on covered metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:532-535.
40. McIntee BE. The wallstent endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:373-381.
41. Moon T, Hong D, Chun HJ, Jeen YT, Hyun JH, Lee KB. New approach to radial expansive force measurement of self expandable esophageal metal stents. ASAIO J 2001;47:646-650.
42. Morgan RA, Ellul JPM, Denton ERC, Glynos M, Mason RC, Adam A. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiol 1997;204:527-532.
43. Nelson DB, Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, et al. Silicone covered Wallstent prototypes for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and digestive respiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:31-37.
44. Nelson DB. Expandable metal stents: physical properties and tissue responses. Techn Gastrointest Endosc 2001;3:70-74.
45. Nevitt AW, Vida F, Kozarek RA, Traverso LW, Raltz SL. Expandable metallic prostheses for malignant obstructions of gastric outlet and proximal small bowel. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:271-276.
46. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y, Suemasu KC. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:1803-1807.
47. Park HS, Do YS, Suh SW, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract malignant obstruction: initial results of palliation with a flexible covered stent. Radiology 1999;210:865-870.
48. Pinto IT. Malignant gastric and duodenal stenosis: palliation by peroral implantation of a self-expanding metallic stent. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997; 20:431-434.
49. Pinto Pabón IT, Díaz LP, Ruiz De Adana JC, López Herrero J. Gastric and duodenal stents: follow-up and complications. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2001;24:147-153.
50. Potts JR, Broughan TA, Hermann RE. Palliative operations for pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Surg 1990;159:72-78.
51. Raijman I, Siddiqui I, Ajani J, Lynch P. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:172-179.
52. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM, et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-covered metallic Z stents . J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995;6:237-242.
53. Siersma PD, Hop WCJ, Dees J, et al. Coated self-expanding metal stent versus latex prostheses for esophago-gastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:113.
54. Silvis SE, Sievert CE, Vennes JA, et al. Comparison of covered versus uncovered wire mesh stents in the canine biliary tract. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:17-21.
55. Soetikno RM, Carr-Locke DL. Expandable metal stents for gastric-outlet, duodenal, and small intestinal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:447-458.
56. Song HY, Do YS, Han YM, et al. Covered expandable esophageal metallic stent tubes: experiences in 119 patients. Radiology 1994;193:689.
57. Sumiyoshi T, Gotoda T, Muro K, Rembacken B, Goto M, Sumiyoshi Y, Ono H, Saito D. Morbidity and mortality after self-expandable metallic stent placement in patients with progressive or recurrent esophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:882-885.
58. Van den Bongard HJ, Boot H, Baas P, Taal BG. The role of parallel stent insertion in patients with esophagorespiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:110-115.
59. Vakil N, Gross U, Bethge N. Human tissue responses to metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:359-365.
60. Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, Segalin A, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1791-1796.
61. Weaver DW, Wiencek RG, Bouwman DL, Walt AJ. Gastrojejunostomy: is it helpful for patients with pancreatic cancer? Surgery 1987;107:608-612.
62. Weigert N, Neuhaus H, Rösch T, et al. Treatment of esophagorespiratory fistula with silicone-coated self-expanding metallic stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:490-496.
63. Wu WC, Katon RM, Uchida T et al., Silicone-covered self-expanding metallic stents for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistulas: experience in 32 patients and a review of the literature. Gastroint Endosc 1994;40:22-33.
64. Yates MR, Morgan DE, Baron TH. Palliation of malignant gastric and small intestinal strictures with self-expandable metal stents. Endoscopy 1998; 30:266-272.
65. Yim HB, Jacobson BC, Saltzman JR, Johannes RS, Bounds BC, Lee JH, Shields SJ, et al. Clinical outcome of the use of enteral stents for palliation of patients with malignant upper GI obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:329-332.
66. Yu YT, Yang G, Liu Y, Shen BZ. Clinical evaluation of radiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer after metallic stent placement. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:2145-2146.
2. Adler DG, Baron TH. Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expanding metallic stents: experience in 36 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:72-78.
3. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U. Treatment of esophageal fistulas with a new polyurethane-covered, self-expanding mesh stent: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2143-2146.
4. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N, et al. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:596-602.
5. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures near the upper esophageal sphincter. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 300-303.
6. Bezzi M, Orsi F, Salvatori FM, Maccioni F, Rossi P. Self-expandable nitinol stent for the management of biliary obstruction: long-term clinical results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994;5:287-293.
7. Binkert CA, Jost R, Steiner A, Zollikofer CL. Benign and malignant stenoses of the stomach and duodenum: treatment with self-expanding metallic endoprostheses. Radiology 1996; 199:335–338.
8. Campion JP, Bourdelat D, Launois B. Surgical treatment of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas. Am J Surg 1983;146:641-6.
9. Castaño R, Ruiz M, Sanín E. Stent esofágico de nitinol en el manejo de las fístulas esofagorrespiratorias malignas. Revista Col de Gastroenterol 2003, 18 (2): 78-82
10. Castaño R, Ruiz M, Juliao F, Sanín E, et al. Eficacia de un nuevo stent de nitinol fabricado localmente, en el tratamiento de la obstrucción maligna esofágica. Rev Colom Gastroenterol 2003;18:211-221.
11. Castaño R, Álvarez O, Ruiz M, Juliao F, Sanín E, Erebrie F. Nitinol autoexpandable stent in malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Endoscopy 2004;36 (Suppl I):A242.
12. Chan AC, Shin FG, Lam YH, et al. A comparison study on physical properties of self-expandable esophageal metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:462-465.
13. Chen JS, Luh SP, Lee F, Tsai CI, Lee JM, Lee YC. Use of esophagectomy to treat recurrent hyperplastic tissue obstruction caused by multiple metallic stent insertion for corrosive stricture. Endoscopy 2000;32:542-545.
14. Chowhan NM. Injurious effects of radiation on the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:115-120.
15. Conlan AA, Nicolaou N, Delikaris PG, Pool R. Pessimism concerning palliative bypass procedures for established malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas: a report of 18 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:108-110.
16. Cwikiel W, Willen R, Stridheck H, Lillo-Gil R, Von Holstein CS. Self expanding stent in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures: experimental study in pigs and presentation of clinical cases. Radiology 1993;187:667-71
17. De Baere T, Harry G, Ducreaux M, et al. Self-expanding metallic stents as palliative treatment of malignant gastroduodenal stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1079-1083.
18. Do YS, Song HY, Lee BH, et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula associated with esophageal cancer: treatment with a Gianturco stent tube. Radiology 1993;187:673-677.
19. Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:346-354.
20. Feretis C, Benakis P, Dimopoulos C, et al. Palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction with self-expanding metal stents. Endoscopy 1996;28:225-228.
21. Feretis C, Benakis P, Dimopoulos C, Manouras A, Tsimbloulis B, Apostolidis N. Duodenal obstruction caused by pancreatic head carcinoma: palliation with self expandable endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46:161-165.
22. Fiorini AB, Goldin E, Valero JL, et al. Expandable metal coil stent for treatment of broncho-esophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:81-83.
23. Gukovsky-Reicher S, Lin RM, Sial S, Garrett B, Wu D, Lee T, Lee H, et al. Self-expandable metal stents in palliation of malignant gastrointestinal obstruction: review of the current literature data and 5-year experience at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Med Gen Med 2003;10;5:16.
24. Han YM, Song HY, Lee JM et al., Esophagorespiratory fistula due to esophageal carcinoma: palliation with a covered Gianturco-Stent. Radiology 1996;199:65-79.
25. Hausegger KA, Kleinert R, Lammer J, et al. Malignant biliary obstruction: histologic findings after treatment with self-expandable stents. Radiology 1992;185:461-464.
26. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun JM. Cancer Statistics, 2003 CA. 2003;53:5-26.
27. Jung GS, Song HY, Kang SG, et al. Malignant gastroduodenal obstructions: treatment by means of a covered expandable metallic stent-initial experience. Radiol 2000;216:758-763.
28. Jung GS, Song HY, Seo TS, Park SJ, Koo JY, Huh JD, Cho YD. Malignant gastric outlet obstructions: treatment by means of coaxial placement of uncovered and covered expandable nitinol stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:275-283.
29. Kim JH, Yoo BM, Lee KJ, et al. Self-expanding coil stent with a long delivery system for palliation of unresectable malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a prospective study. Endoscopy 2001;33:838-842.
30. Kinsman KJ, De Gregorio BT, Katon RM, et al. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43:196-203
31. Kozarek RA, Raltz S, Brugge WR et al. Prospective multicenter trial of esophageal Z-stent placement for malignant dysphagia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 562-567
32. Laasch HU, Nicholson DA, Kay CL, et al. The clinical effectiveness of the Gianturco esophageal stent in malignant esophageal obstruction. Clin Radiol 1998;53:666-672.
33. Lopera J, Alvarez O, Zúñiga-Castañeda A, Castaño R. Initial Experience with Song´s covered duodenal stent in the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1297-1303.
34. Macken E, Gevers A, Hiele M, et al. Treatment of esophagorespiratory fistulas with polyurethane-covered self-expanding metallic mesh stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:324-326.
35. Maccioni F, Rossi M, Salvatori FM, Ricci P, Bezzi M, Rossi P. Metallic stents in benign biliary strictures: three-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992;15:360-366.
36. Maetani I, Inoue H, Sato M, Ohashi S, Igarashi Y, Sakai Y. Peroral insertion techniques of self- expanding metal stents for malignant gastric outlet and duodenal stenosis. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:468-471.
37. Martini N, Goodner JT, D’Angio GJ, et al. Tracheo-esophageal fistula due to cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970;59:319-324.
38. Mayoral W, Fleischer D, Salcedo J, Roy P, Al-Kawas F, Benjamin S. Nonmalignant obstruction is a common problem with metal stents in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:556-559.
39. May A, Ell C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with gianturco-z stents a prospective clinical trial and review of the literature on covered metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:532-535.
40. McIntee BE. The wallstent endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:373-381.
41. Moon T, Hong D, Chun HJ, Jeen YT, Hyun JH, Lee KB. New approach to radial expansive force measurement of self expandable esophageal metal stents. ASAIO J 2001;47:646-650.
42. Morgan RA, Ellul JPM, Denton ERC, Glynos M, Mason RC, Adam A. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiol 1997;204:527-532.
43. Nelson DB, Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, et al. Silicone covered Wallstent prototypes for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and digestive respiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:31-37.
44. Nelson DB. Expandable metal stents: physical properties and tissue responses. Techn Gastrointest Endosc 2001;3:70-74.
45. Nevitt AW, Vida F, Kozarek RA, Traverso LW, Raltz SL. Expandable metallic prostheses for malignant obstructions of gastric outlet and proximal small bowel. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:271-276.
46. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y, Suemasu KC. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:1803-1807.
47. Park HS, Do YS, Suh SW, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract malignant obstruction: initial results of palliation with a flexible covered stent. Radiology 1999;210:865-870.
48. Pinto IT. Malignant gastric and duodenal stenosis: palliation by peroral implantation of a self-expanding metallic stent. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997; 20:431-434.
49. Pinto Pabón IT, Díaz LP, Ruiz De Adana JC, López Herrero J. Gastric and duodenal stents: follow-up and complications. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2001;24:147-153.
50. Potts JR, Broughan TA, Hermann RE. Palliative operations for pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Surg 1990;159:72-78.
51. Raijman I, Siddiqui I, Ajani J, Lynch P. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:172-179.
52. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM, et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-covered metallic Z stents . J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995;6:237-242.
53. Siersma PD, Hop WCJ, Dees J, et al. Coated self-expanding metal stent versus latex prostheses for esophago-gastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:113.
54. Silvis SE, Sievert CE, Vennes JA, et al. Comparison of covered versus uncovered wire mesh stents in the canine biliary tract. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:17-21.
55. Soetikno RM, Carr-Locke DL. Expandable metal stents for gastric-outlet, duodenal, and small intestinal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:447-458.
56. Song HY, Do YS, Han YM, et al. Covered expandable esophageal metallic stent tubes: experiences in 119 patients. Radiology 1994;193:689.
57. Sumiyoshi T, Gotoda T, Muro K, Rembacken B, Goto M, Sumiyoshi Y, Ono H, Saito D. Morbidity and mortality after self-expandable metallic stent placement in patients with progressive or recurrent esophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:882-885.
58. Van den Bongard HJ, Boot H, Baas P, Taal BG. The role of parallel stent insertion in patients with esophagorespiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:110-115.
59. Vakil N, Gross U, Bethge N. Human tissue responses to metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:359-365.
60. Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, Segalin A, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1791-1796.
61. Weaver DW, Wiencek RG, Bouwman DL, Walt AJ. Gastrojejunostomy: is it helpful for patients with pancreatic cancer? Surgery 1987;107:608-612.
62. Weigert N, Neuhaus H, Rösch T, et al. Treatment of esophagorespiratory fistula with silicone-coated self-expanding metallic stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:490-496.
63. Wu WC, Katon RM, Uchida T et al., Silicone-covered self-expanding metallic stents for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistulas: experience in 32 patients and a review of the literature. Gastroint Endosc 1994;40:22-33.
64. Yates MR, Morgan DE, Baron TH. Palliation of malignant gastric and small intestinal strictures with self-expandable metal stents. Endoscopy 1998; 30:266-272.
65. Yim HB, Jacobson BC, Saltzman JR, Johannes RS, Bounds BC, Lee JH, Shields SJ, et al. Clinical outcome of the use of enteral stents for palliation of patients with malignant upper GI obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:329-332.
66. Yu YT, Yang G, Liu Y, Shen BZ. Clinical evaluation of radiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer after metallic stent placement. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:2145-2146.
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2005-03-20
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Castaño Llano, R.; Álvarez Barrera, O.; Lopera Bonilla, J.; Ruiz Vélez, M. H.; Juliao Baños, F. J. B.; Sanín Fonnegra, E.; Granados, F. E.; Cárdenas Vásquez, A. Endoprótesis metálicas Autoexpandibles En La obstrucción Maligna esofágica Y Gastroduodenal. Rev Colomb Cir 2005, 20, 33-48.
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