Ecoendoscopia. Parte I
Palabras clave:
Ultrasonografía, diagnóstico, esófago, estómago, páncreas, colédocolitiasisResumen
La ecoendoscopia es un examen que combina la imagen de endoscopia con la ecográfica para valorar no sólo las lesiones del interior de la luz sino las lesiones que rodean al tubo digestivo. Es fundamental en la valoración de los pacientes con lesiones benignas, como la mayoría de los tumores subepiteliales, y en la de pacientes con coledocolitiasis. Su principal papel es la estadificación de pacientes con cáncer de esófago, gástrico, pulmonar, páncreas y rectal. En la mayoría de los pacientes con cáncer gastrointestinal, con el examen se busca realizar un diagnóstico y un estudio de extensión que permita tomar una conducta endoscópica, quirúrgica o paliativa. En comparación con otros exámenes, como la tomografía computadorizada, con la ecoendoscopia se logra obtener un diagnóstico más rápidamente y costo-efectivo, lo cual permite un enfoque más racional de estos pacientes.
Un servicio de ecoendoscopia es fundamental en un hospital de tercer nivel y sus indicaciones deben ser plenamente conocidas por los médicos, por tal motivo se hizo esta revisión que busca mostrar cuáles son las indicaciones diagnósticas de este examen a la luz de la evidencia actual.
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Referencias bibliográficas
1. Armengol JR, Benjamin S, Binmoeller K, , Hawes R, Buthani M, Rosch T, et al. Consensus Conference. Clinical applications of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastroenterology: state of the art 1993. Endoscopy. 1993;25:358-66.
2. Rösch T, Classen M. Gastroenterologic endosonography. Textbook and Atlas. Thieme, Stuttgart, 1992.
3. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:425-35.
4. Sackmann M, Morgner A, Rudolph B, Neubauer A, Thiede C, Schulz H, et al. Regression of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori is predicted by endosonographic staging. MALT Lymphoma Study Group. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:1087-90.
5. Nick N, Behling C, McClave S, Jones WF,, Schrodt GR, Wiersema MJ, et al. Specific EUS features can identify hypoechoic masses which are not benign stromal cell tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:609.
6. Rösch T, Kapfer B, Will U, Triptrap A, Frimberger E, Allescher HD, et al. Influence of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) on the management of upper GI submucosal lesions: a prospective study in 150 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:613.
7. De Angelis C, Repici A, Arena V, Pellicano R, Rizzetto M. Preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography in decision making and management for pancreatic endoscrine tumors: a 6 years experience. Endoscopy. 1998;30(Suppl.1):A182-6.
8. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Hennessy TPJ. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-7.
9. Giovannini M, Monges G, Seitz JF, Moutardier V, Bernardini D, Thomas P, et al. Distant lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer: Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy. Endoscopy. 1999;31:536-40.
10. Rösch T, Classen M. Gastroenterologic endosonograpy. New York: Thieme Stuttgart; 1992.
11. Catalano MF. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of submucosal tumors: need for biopsy. Endoscopy. 1994;26:788-791.
12. Tio TL, Tytgat GN, den Hartog Jager FC. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of smooth muscle tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract: an experience with 42 cases. Gastrointest Endosc.1990;36:342-50.
13. Fusaroli P, Caletti G. Endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2003;35:127–35.
14. Isaacson PG. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Semin Hematol. 1999;36:139-47.
15. Crump M, Gospodarowicz M, Shapherd FA. Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Oncol. 1999;126:324-37.
16. Caletti G, Ferrari A, Brocchi E, Barbara L. Accuracy of endoscopio ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer and lymphoma. Surgery. 1993;113:14-27.
17. Nagashima R, Takeda H, Maeda K, Ohno S, Takahashi T. Regression of duodenal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1674-8.
18. Siewert JR, Fink U, Sendler A, Becker K, Bottcher K, Feldmann HJ, et al. Gastric cancer. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34:835-942.
19. Akahoshi K, Misawa T, Fujishima H, Chijiiwa Y, Maruoka A, Ohkubo A, et al. Preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasound. Gut. 1991;32:479-82.
20. Caletti G, Ferrari A, Brocchi E, Barbara L. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer and lymphoma. Surgery. 1993;113:14-27.
21. Grimm H, Hamper K, Maydeo A, Maas R, Noar M, Soehendra N. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography in determining local/regional spread in gastric cancer: results of a prospective controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:229.
22. Taal BG, den Hartog Jager FCA, Steinmetz R, Peterse H. The spectrum of gastrointestinal metastases of breast carcinoma: I. Stomach. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:130-5.
23. International workshop on the clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound in Gastroenterology. Working Party Report. Endoscopy. 2000;32:549-84.
24. Ugiyama M, Atomi Y. Acute biliary pancreatitis: the roles of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surgery. 1998;124:14-21.
25. Canto MI, Chak A, Stellato T, Sivak MV Jr. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 1998;47:439-48.
26. Tamada K, Inui K, Menzel J. Intraductal ultrasonography of the bile duct system. Endoscopy. 2001;33:878-85.
27. De Ledinghen V, Lecesne R, Raymond JM, Gense V, Amouretti M, Drouillard J, et al. Diagnosis of choledocolithiasis: EUS or magnetic resonance cholangiography? a prospective controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:26-31.
28. Prat F, Amouyal G, Amouyal P, Pelletier G, Fritsch J, Choury AD, et al. Prospective controlled study of EUS and ERC in patients with suspected common bile duct lithiasis. Lancet. 1996;347:75-9.
29. Palazzo L, Girollet PP, Salmeron M, Silvain C, Roseau G, Canard JM, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones: comparison with surgical exploration and ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:225-31.
30. Napoléon B, Keriven-Souquet O, Pujol B, Souquet JC, Ponchon T. Does normal endoscopic ultrasound really avoid ERCP in patients with suspicion of common bile duct stone? Study in 238 patients [abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;43:426.
31. Canto MI, Chak A, Stellato T, Sivak MV. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocolithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:439-48.
32. Liu CL, Lo CM, Chan JKF, Poon RTP, Fan ST. EUS for detection of occult cholelithiasis in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:28-32.
33. Arbeláez V, Pineda L, Gonzáles R, Gómez M. Papilotomía endoscópica intraoperatoria durante colecistectomía en el tratamiento de la colecistocoledocolitiasis. Rev Col Gastroenterol. 2002:17:184-9.
34. Mark DH, Flamm CR, Aronson N. Evidence-based assessment of diagnostic modalities for common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(Suppl.2):S190-4.
35. Wright BE, Freeman ML, Cumming JK, Quickel RR, Mandal AK. Current management of common bile duct stones: is there a role for laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus intraoperative ERCP as a single-stage procedure? Surgery. 2002;132:729-35.
36. Soetikno RM, Chang K. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnosis and therapy in pancreatic disease. Gastrointes Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:237-47.
37. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745-51.
38. Rösch T, Braig C, Gain T, Fenerbach S, Siewert JR, Schusdziarra V, et al. Staging of pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:188-99.
39. Suits J, Frazee R, Erikson RS. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration for the evaluation of pancreatic masses. Arch Surg. 1999;134:639-43.
40. Chang KY, Nguyen P, Erikson RA, Durbin TE, Katz KD. The clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:387-93.
41. Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I, et al. Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:1315-22.
42. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745-51.
43. Soriano A, Ayuso MC, Ayuso JR, De Caralt MT, Gilabert R, Ginès MA, et al. Preoperative staging and tumor resectability assessment in pancreatic cancer. Prospective study comparing endoscopic ultrasonography, compute tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:A760.
44. Bhutani MS. Endoscopic ultrasonography: changes of chronic pancreatitis in asymptomatic and symptomatic alcoholic patients. J Ultrasound Med. 1999;18;455-62.
45. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:370-3.
46. Law PJ,Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1991;78:312-4.
47. Eckardt VF, Jung B, Fischer B, Lierse W. Anal endosonography in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:235-42.
48. Rieger NA, Sweeney JL, Hoffmann DC, Young JF, Hunter A. Investigation of fecal incontinence with endoanal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:860-4.
49. Damon H, Henry L, Valette PJ, Mion F. Incidence of sphincter ruptures in anal incontinence: ultrasound study [in French with English abstract]. Annales de Chirurgie. 2000;125:643-7.
50. Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Zala GF, Buchmann P. Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery. Endoscopy. 1996;28:217-24.
51. Deen K, Kumar D, Williams J, Olliff J, Keighley M. Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg. 1993;218:201-5.
52. Ternent CA, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG, Sentovich SM. Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:462-7.
53. Beynon J, McMortensen NJ, Foy DMA, Channer JL, Rigby H, Virjee J. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1989;76:276-9.
54. Catalano MF. Indications for endoscopic ultrasonography in colorrectal lesions. Endoscopy. 1998;30(Suppl.1):A79-84.
55. Beynon J, McMortensen NJ, Rigby HS. Rectal endosonography, a new technique for the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1988;14:297-309.
56. Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of the invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg. 1990;77:883-7.
57. Goldman S, Arvidsson H, Norming U, Lagerstedt U, Magnuson I, Frisell J. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in the preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol. 1991;16:259-63.
58. Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: propsective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology. 1989;170:319-22.
59. Heintz A, Bluess G, Frank K, Kreitner K, Junginger JH. Endoluminal sonography in follow-up of rectal carcinoma. Surg Endosc. 1989;3:199-202
60. Maier AG, Barton PP, Neuhold NR, Herbst F, Teleky BK, Lechner GL. Peritumoral tissue reaction at transrectal US as a possible cause of overstaging in rectal cancer: histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1997;203:785-9.
61. Lees WR. Endoscopic ultrasonography of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;123:123-9.
62. Lees WR, Vallon AG, Denyer ME, Vahl SP, Cotton PB. Prospective study of ultrasonography in chronic pancreatic disease. BMJ. 1979;1:162-4.
63. Wiersema MJ, Hawes RH, Lehman GA, Kochman ML, Sherman S, Kopecky KK. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopy. 1993;25:555-64.
64. Maluf-Filho Fauze, Dotti C, Farias A, Kapski C, Dalton C. I, Everson A.. I Consenso Brasileiro de Ecoendoscopia. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007:44;353-8.
2. Rösch T, Classen M. Gastroenterologic endosonography. Textbook and Atlas. Thieme, Stuttgart, 1992.
3. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:425-35.
4. Sackmann M, Morgner A, Rudolph B, Neubauer A, Thiede C, Schulz H, et al. Regression of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori is predicted by endosonographic staging. MALT Lymphoma Study Group. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:1087-90.
5. Nick N, Behling C, McClave S, Jones WF,, Schrodt GR, Wiersema MJ, et al. Specific EUS features can identify hypoechoic masses which are not benign stromal cell tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:609.
6. Rösch T, Kapfer B, Will U, Triptrap A, Frimberger E, Allescher HD, et al. Influence of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) on the management of upper GI submucosal lesions: a prospective study in 150 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:613.
7. De Angelis C, Repici A, Arena V, Pellicano R, Rizzetto M. Preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography in decision making and management for pancreatic endoscrine tumors: a 6 years experience. Endoscopy. 1998;30(Suppl.1):A182-6.
8. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Hennessy TPJ. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-7.
9. Giovannini M, Monges G, Seitz JF, Moutardier V, Bernardini D, Thomas P, et al. Distant lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer: Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy. Endoscopy. 1999;31:536-40.
10. Rösch T, Classen M. Gastroenterologic endosonograpy. New York: Thieme Stuttgart; 1992.
11. Catalano MF. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of submucosal tumors: need for biopsy. Endoscopy. 1994;26:788-791.
12. Tio TL, Tytgat GN, den Hartog Jager FC. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of smooth muscle tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract: an experience with 42 cases. Gastrointest Endosc.1990;36:342-50.
13. Fusaroli P, Caletti G. Endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2003;35:127–35.
14. Isaacson PG. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Semin Hematol. 1999;36:139-47.
15. Crump M, Gospodarowicz M, Shapherd FA. Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Oncol. 1999;126:324-37.
16. Caletti G, Ferrari A, Brocchi E, Barbara L. Accuracy of endoscopio ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer and lymphoma. Surgery. 1993;113:14-27.
17. Nagashima R, Takeda H, Maeda K, Ohno S, Takahashi T. Regression of duodenal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1674-8.
18. Siewert JR, Fink U, Sendler A, Becker K, Bottcher K, Feldmann HJ, et al. Gastric cancer. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34:835-942.
19. Akahoshi K, Misawa T, Fujishima H, Chijiiwa Y, Maruoka A, Ohkubo A, et al. Preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasound. Gut. 1991;32:479-82.
20. Caletti G, Ferrari A, Brocchi E, Barbara L. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer and lymphoma. Surgery. 1993;113:14-27.
21. Grimm H, Hamper K, Maydeo A, Maas R, Noar M, Soehendra N. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography in determining local/regional spread in gastric cancer: results of a prospective controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:229.
22. Taal BG, den Hartog Jager FCA, Steinmetz R, Peterse H. The spectrum of gastrointestinal metastases of breast carcinoma: I. Stomach. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:130-5.
23. International workshop on the clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound in Gastroenterology. Working Party Report. Endoscopy. 2000;32:549-84.
24. Ugiyama M, Atomi Y. Acute biliary pancreatitis: the roles of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surgery. 1998;124:14-21.
25. Canto MI, Chak A, Stellato T, Sivak MV Jr. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 1998;47:439-48.
26. Tamada K, Inui K, Menzel J. Intraductal ultrasonography of the bile duct system. Endoscopy. 2001;33:878-85.
27. De Ledinghen V, Lecesne R, Raymond JM, Gense V, Amouretti M, Drouillard J, et al. Diagnosis of choledocolithiasis: EUS or magnetic resonance cholangiography? a prospective controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:26-31.
28. Prat F, Amouyal G, Amouyal P, Pelletier G, Fritsch J, Choury AD, et al. Prospective controlled study of EUS and ERC in patients with suspected common bile duct lithiasis. Lancet. 1996;347:75-9.
29. Palazzo L, Girollet PP, Salmeron M, Silvain C, Roseau G, Canard JM, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones: comparison with surgical exploration and ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:225-31.
30. Napoléon B, Keriven-Souquet O, Pujol B, Souquet JC, Ponchon T. Does normal endoscopic ultrasound really avoid ERCP in patients with suspicion of common bile duct stone? Study in 238 patients [abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;43:426.
31. Canto MI, Chak A, Stellato T, Sivak MV. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocolithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:439-48.
32. Liu CL, Lo CM, Chan JKF, Poon RTP, Fan ST. EUS for detection of occult cholelithiasis in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:28-32.
33. Arbeláez V, Pineda L, Gonzáles R, Gómez M. Papilotomía endoscópica intraoperatoria durante colecistectomía en el tratamiento de la colecistocoledocolitiasis. Rev Col Gastroenterol. 2002:17:184-9.
34. Mark DH, Flamm CR, Aronson N. Evidence-based assessment of diagnostic modalities for common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(Suppl.2):S190-4.
35. Wright BE, Freeman ML, Cumming JK, Quickel RR, Mandal AK. Current management of common bile duct stones: is there a role for laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus intraoperative ERCP as a single-stage procedure? Surgery. 2002;132:729-35.
36. Soetikno RM, Chang K. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnosis and therapy in pancreatic disease. Gastrointes Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:237-47.
37. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745-51.
38. Rösch T, Braig C, Gain T, Fenerbach S, Siewert JR, Schusdziarra V, et al. Staging of pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:188-99.
39. Suits J, Frazee R, Erikson RS. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration for the evaluation of pancreatic masses. Arch Surg. 1999;134:639-43.
40. Chang KY, Nguyen P, Erikson RA, Durbin TE, Katz KD. The clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:387-93.
41. Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I, et al. Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:1315-22.
42. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745-51.
43. Soriano A, Ayuso MC, Ayuso JR, De Caralt MT, Gilabert R, Ginès MA, et al. Preoperative staging and tumor resectability assessment in pancreatic cancer. Prospective study comparing endoscopic ultrasonography, compute tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:A760.
44. Bhutani MS. Endoscopic ultrasonography: changes of chronic pancreatitis in asymptomatic and symptomatic alcoholic patients. J Ultrasound Med. 1999;18;455-62.
45. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:370-3.
46. Law PJ,Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1991;78:312-4.
47. Eckardt VF, Jung B, Fischer B, Lierse W. Anal endosonography in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:235-42.
48. Rieger NA, Sweeney JL, Hoffmann DC, Young JF, Hunter A. Investigation of fecal incontinence with endoanal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:860-4.
49. Damon H, Henry L, Valette PJ, Mion F. Incidence of sphincter ruptures in anal incontinence: ultrasound study [in French with English abstract]. Annales de Chirurgie. 2000;125:643-7.
50. Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Zala GF, Buchmann P. Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery. Endoscopy. 1996;28:217-24.
51. Deen K, Kumar D, Williams J, Olliff J, Keighley M. Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg. 1993;218:201-5.
52. Ternent CA, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG, Sentovich SM. Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:462-7.
53. Beynon J, McMortensen NJ, Foy DMA, Channer JL, Rigby H, Virjee J. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1989;76:276-9.
54. Catalano MF. Indications for endoscopic ultrasonography in colorrectal lesions. Endoscopy. 1998;30(Suppl.1):A79-84.
55. Beynon J, McMortensen NJ, Rigby HS. Rectal endosonography, a new technique for the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1988;14:297-309.
56. Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of the invasion of rectal tumors and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg. 1990;77:883-7.
57. Goldman S, Arvidsson H, Norming U, Lagerstedt U, Magnuson I, Frisell J. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in the preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol. 1991;16:259-63.
58. Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: propsective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology. 1989;170:319-22.
59. Heintz A, Bluess G, Frank K, Kreitner K, Junginger JH. Endoluminal sonography in follow-up of rectal carcinoma. Surg Endosc. 1989;3:199-202
60. Maier AG, Barton PP, Neuhold NR, Herbst F, Teleky BK, Lechner GL. Peritumoral tissue reaction at transrectal US as a possible cause of overstaging in rectal cancer: histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1997;203:785-9.
61. Lees WR. Endoscopic ultrasonography of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;123:123-9.
62. Lees WR, Vallon AG, Denyer ME, Vahl SP, Cotton PB. Prospective study of ultrasonography in chronic pancreatic disease. BMJ. 1979;1:162-4.
63. Wiersema MJ, Hawes RH, Lehman GA, Kochman ML, Sherman S, Kopecky KK. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with chronic abdominal pain. Endoscopy. 1993;25:555-64.
64. Maluf-Filho Fauze, Dotti C, Farias A, Kapski C, Dalton C. I, Everson A.. I Consenso Brasileiro de Ecoendoscopia. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007:44;353-8.
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2008-12-20
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Gómez, M. Ecoendoscopia. Parte I. Rev Colomb Cir 2008, 23, 230-247.
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