Profilaxis de sangrado digestivo. Revisión bibliográfica
Palabras clave:
hemorragia digestiva alta, sangrado digestivo, úlceras de estrés, profilaxis de hemorragia digestivaResumen
El sangrado digestivo es causa importante de morbilidad en los pacientes hospitalizados por cualquier otra causa; sin embargo, no todos tienen igual riesgo de presentarlo como hecho intercurrente. La profilaxis de dicho sangrado debe hacerse racionalmente y con base en los factores de riesgo de cada caso. Se hace una revisión somera de la literatura y se dan las recomendaciones sobre cuándo y cómo hacer la profilaxis.
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Referencias bibliográficas
1. Peterson W. Estómago y duodeno. En MKSAP: Programa de actualización en gastroenterología y hepatología. American College of Physicians. 2ª edición; 1997 p. 58-59.
2. Fennerty M. Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract en the critically ill patient; rational for the therapeutic benefits of acid supressión. Crit Care Med 2002; (6 Suppl): 5351-5355.
3. Hung C, Wang PS. Role of the acid back-diffusion, glutathione, oxyradical and histamine in antral hemorrhagic ulcer in rats: the protective effect of lysozyme chloride and antioxidants. J Lab Clin Med 2002; 140:642-651.
4. Tyba M, Cook D. Current guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis. Drugs 1997; 54: 581-596.
5. MKSAP. Programa de actualización en gastroenterología y hepatología. American College of Physicians; 1998. p 67.
6. Sánchez-Bueno F, Marín P, Ríos A, Aguayo J, Pinero A, Fernández J. Has the incidente of perforated ulcer decreased over the last decade?Dig Surg 2001; 180:444-447.
7. Yang YX, Lewis JD. Prevention and treatment of stress ulcers in critically ill patients. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2003; 14: 11-19.
8. Geus W, Lamers C. Prevention of stress ulcer bleeding: a review. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; Suppl 178: 32-41.
9. Tyba M. Prophylaxis of stress ulcer bleeding. A meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13 (2 Suppl): 544-555.
10. Steinberg KP. Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient: risk factors and strategies to prevent stress-related bleeding in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (6 Suppl): 5362-5364.
11. Cook D, Fuller H, Guyat G, Marshall J, Leaja D, Hall R, Winton T, et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical care trials group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:377-381.
12. Gyr K, Meier R. Stress ulcer disease and its prevention. Schweitz Wochenschr 1989; 119: 423-429.
13. ASHP therapeutic guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis. American society of health- system Pharmacist. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56: 347-379.
14. Kres S, Schilling D, Pieman J. Concept of stress ulcer prevention.Is re-thinking necessary?.Med Klin 1998; 93:486-491.
15. Geus W, Lamers C. Intravenous gastric acid inhibition for stress ulcers and bleeding peptic ulcers. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1999; 143: 2514-2518.
16. Jong R, McLaren R. Proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36:1929-1937.
17. Cash BD. Evidence-based medicine as it applies to acid suppression in the hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (6 suppl): S373-378.
18. Geus WP. Are there indications for intravenous inhibitions in the prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding? Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 232:10-20.
19. Mustafa G, Sing RF, Matthews B, Pratt B, Norton H, Heniford B. The economic benefit of practice guidelines for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Am Surg 2002; 168: 146-150.
20. Deulin J, Claire K, Dulchavsky S, Tybursky J. Impact of trauma stress ulcer prophylaxis guidelines on drug cost and therapy of major gastrointestinal bleeding. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:452-460.
21. Erstad B, Canamo J, Miller M, Webber A, Fortune J. Impacting cost and appropriateness of stress ulcer prophylaxis at a University Medical center. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1678-1684.
22. Barletta J, Erstad B, Fortune J. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in trauma patients. Crit Care 2002; 6:526-530.
23. Cook D, Reeve B, Guyat G, Heyland D, Grifith L, Buckingham L, Tyba M. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996; 275:308-314.
24. Cook D, Witt L, Cook R, Guyatt G. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the critically ill: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 1991; 91: 519-527.
25. Smythe M, Zarowitz B. Changing perspectives of stress gastritis prophylaxis. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:1073-1085.
26. Lee KK, You JH, Wong K, Kwong SK, Lau JY, Chan TY, et al.Cost effectiveness analysis of high-dose omeprazole infusion as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:160-164.
27. Van Der Woort P, Van Der Hulst R, Zandstra D, Geraedts A, Van Der Ende A, Tygat G. Suppression of Helicobacter pylori infection during intensive care stay: related ulcer bleeding incidence? J Crit Care 2001; 16:182-187.
28. El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Richardson P, Inadomi JM. Prevention of complicated ulcer disease among chronic users of nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: the use of a nomogram in cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2104-2110.
29. Lai K, Lam S, Chu K, Wong B, Hui W, Hu W, et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrence of ulcer complications from long term low dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2033-2038.
30. Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo M, Ferreira J. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1945-1953.
31. Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1175-1186.
32. Bazzoli F. Key points from the revised Maastricht consensus report: The impact on general practice. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 (Suppl 2):pág 9.
33. Sierra F. Helicobacter pylori. Estado actual. Rev Colomb Cir 2002; 17:128-130.
34. Sierra F, Torres P. Helicobacter pylori. El holocausto revolucionario. Bogotá. Ediciones Médicas Latinoamericanas; 2001. P. 64.
35. Graham D, Agrawall N, Campbell D, Haber M, Collis C, Lukasik N. Ulcer prevention in long term users of nonesteroidal antiinflamatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 169-173.
36. Conrad SA. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients: causes and treatment modalities. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (Suppl 6): 5365-5368.
37. Morgan D. Intravenous proton pumps inhibitors in the critical care setting. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (Suppl 6): 5369-5372.
38. Constain A. Hemorragia digestiva. En: González MA, Restrepo G, Sanin A. Paciente en estado crítico. En: Fundamentos de Medicina. Vélez H, Rojas W, Borrero J, Restrepo J. Medellín. CIB, 2003, p. 457-467.
2. Fennerty M. Pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract en the critically ill patient; rational for the therapeutic benefits of acid supressión. Crit Care Med 2002; (6 Suppl): 5351-5355.
3. Hung C, Wang PS. Role of the acid back-diffusion, glutathione, oxyradical and histamine in antral hemorrhagic ulcer in rats: the protective effect of lysozyme chloride and antioxidants. J Lab Clin Med 2002; 140:642-651.
4. Tyba M, Cook D. Current guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis. Drugs 1997; 54: 581-596.
5. MKSAP. Programa de actualización en gastroenterología y hepatología. American College of Physicians; 1998. p 67.
6. Sánchez-Bueno F, Marín P, Ríos A, Aguayo J, Pinero A, Fernández J. Has the incidente of perforated ulcer decreased over the last decade?Dig Surg 2001; 180:444-447.
7. Yang YX, Lewis JD. Prevention and treatment of stress ulcers in critically ill patients. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2003; 14: 11-19.
8. Geus W, Lamers C. Prevention of stress ulcer bleeding: a review. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; Suppl 178: 32-41.
9. Tyba M. Prophylaxis of stress ulcer bleeding. A meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13 (2 Suppl): 544-555.
10. Steinberg KP. Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient: risk factors and strategies to prevent stress-related bleeding in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (6 Suppl): 5362-5364.
11. Cook D, Fuller H, Guyat G, Marshall J, Leaja D, Hall R, Winton T, et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical care trials group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:377-381.
12. Gyr K, Meier R. Stress ulcer disease and its prevention. Schweitz Wochenschr 1989; 119: 423-429.
13. ASHP therapeutic guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis. American society of health- system Pharmacist. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56: 347-379.
14. Kres S, Schilling D, Pieman J. Concept of stress ulcer prevention.Is re-thinking necessary?.Med Klin 1998; 93:486-491.
15. Geus W, Lamers C. Intravenous gastric acid inhibition for stress ulcers and bleeding peptic ulcers. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1999; 143: 2514-2518.
16. Jong R, McLaren R. Proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36:1929-1937.
17. Cash BD. Evidence-based medicine as it applies to acid suppression in the hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (6 suppl): S373-378.
18. Geus WP. Are there indications for intravenous inhibitions in the prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding? Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 232:10-20.
19. Mustafa G, Sing RF, Matthews B, Pratt B, Norton H, Heniford B. The economic benefit of practice guidelines for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Am Surg 2002; 168: 146-150.
20. Deulin J, Claire K, Dulchavsky S, Tybursky J. Impact of trauma stress ulcer prophylaxis guidelines on drug cost and therapy of major gastrointestinal bleeding. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:452-460.
21. Erstad B, Canamo J, Miller M, Webber A, Fortune J. Impacting cost and appropriateness of stress ulcer prophylaxis at a University Medical center. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1678-1684.
22. Barletta J, Erstad B, Fortune J. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in trauma patients. Crit Care 2002; 6:526-530.
23. Cook D, Reeve B, Guyat G, Heyland D, Grifith L, Buckingham L, Tyba M. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996; 275:308-314.
24. Cook D, Witt L, Cook R, Guyatt G. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the critically ill: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 1991; 91: 519-527.
25. Smythe M, Zarowitz B. Changing perspectives of stress gastritis prophylaxis. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:1073-1085.
26. Lee KK, You JH, Wong K, Kwong SK, Lau JY, Chan TY, et al.Cost effectiveness analysis of high-dose omeprazole infusion as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:160-164.
27. Van Der Woort P, Van Der Hulst R, Zandstra D, Geraedts A, Van Der Ende A, Tygat G. Suppression of Helicobacter pylori infection during intensive care stay: related ulcer bleeding incidence? J Crit Care 2001; 16:182-187.
28. El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Richardson P, Inadomi JM. Prevention of complicated ulcer disease among chronic users of nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs: the use of a nomogram in cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2104-2110.
29. Lai K, Lam S, Chu K, Wong B, Hui W, Hu W, et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrence of ulcer complications from long term low dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2033-2038.
30. Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo M, Ferreira J. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1945-1953.
31. Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1175-1186.
32. Bazzoli F. Key points from the revised Maastricht consensus report: The impact on general practice. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 (Suppl 2):pág 9.
33. Sierra F. Helicobacter pylori. Estado actual. Rev Colomb Cir 2002; 17:128-130.
34. Sierra F, Torres P. Helicobacter pylori. El holocausto revolucionario. Bogotá. Ediciones Médicas Latinoamericanas; 2001. P. 64.
35. Graham D, Agrawall N, Campbell D, Haber M, Collis C, Lukasik N. Ulcer prevention in long term users of nonesteroidal antiinflamatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 169-173.
36. Conrad SA. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients: causes and treatment modalities. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (Suppl 6): 5365-5368.
37. Morgan D. Intravenous proton pumps inhibitors in the critical care setting. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (Suppl 6): 5369-5372.
38. Constain A. Hemorragia digestiva. En: González MA, Restrepo G, Sanin A. Paciente en estado crítico. En: Fundamentos de Medicina. Vélez H, Rojas W, Borrero J, Restrepo J. Medellín. CIB, 2003, p. 457-467.
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Publicado
2004-09-20
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Betancur Jiménez, J. Profilaxis De Sangrado Digestivo. Revisión bibliográfica. Rev Colomb Cir 2004, 19, 168-173.
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