Metástasis hepáticas en el cáncer colorrectal: estrategias terapéuticas y recomendaciones actuales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30944/20117582.39Palabras clave:
neoplasias, hígado, neoplasias del colon, metástasis de la neoplasia, neoplasias primarias secundarias, hepatectomía, protocolos clínicos, supervivenciaResumen
El cáncer colorrectal con metástasis a hígado es una enfermedad frecuente que hasta hace pocos años se consideraba únicamente de tratamiento paliativo. Sin embargo, con la reciente aparición de nuevas técnicas y avances para aumentar la posibilidad de resecar las lesiones y los nuevos esquemas de quimioterapia, se ha logrado la resección quirúrgica de este tipo de lesiones, extrayendo todo el tejido tumoral macroscópico e impactando de forma positiva la supervivencia de estos pacientes.
Múltiples esquemas se han propuesto para el tratamiento de las lesiones sincrónicas con el fin de mejorar la supervivencia de los pacientes. Si bien no hay consenso sobre cuál es el mejor esquema terapéutico en estos casos, parece ser que lo más importante es que se logre completar de manera exitosa el esquema elegido. En general, la tendencia actual es practicar las intervenciones quirúrgicas del hígado primero, a menos que el tumor primario se encuentre sintomático; en este caso, la colectomía es el abordaje inicial. Las resecciones simultáneas hacen parte del arsenal terapéutico de estos pacientes. Múltiples grupos sugieren no asociar una resección de recto bajo a una hepatectomía mayor. Por su parte, las lesiones metacrónicas deben resecarse según el tamaño y la posibilidad de resección una vez hecho el diagnóstico.
Es importante tener en cuenta que, aunque se logre una resección completa del tejido tumoral con márgenes R0, las recurrencias son frecuentes debido a que la diseminación tumoral microscópica ya está presente; por esta razón, es indispensable agregar la quimioterapia para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7-30.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893-917.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:10-29.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20138
Uribe M, Paqui L, Uribe-Echevarría S, Romanque P, Azaba- che V. Resección de metástasis hepáticas en cáncer de colon. Nuevas perspectivas. Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2014;25:50-3.
Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C, Coatmeur O, Faivre J, Bouvier AM. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2006;244:254-9
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000217629.94941.cf
McMillan DC, McArdle CS. Epidemiology of colorectal liver metastases. Surg Oncol. 2007;16:3-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2007.04.008
Lochan R, White SA, Manas DM. Liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Surg Oncol. 2007;16:33-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2007.04.010
Leporrier J, Maurel J, Chiche L, Bara S, Segol P, Launoy G. A population-based study of the incidence, management and prognosis of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2006;93:465-74.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5278
Tzeng CW, Aloia TA. Colorectal liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:195-202.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-012-2022-3
Adam R, Vinet E. Regional treatment of metastasis: Surgery of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(Suppl.4): 103-6.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdh912
Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, Garden OJ, Poston GJ, Rees M. Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review of published studies. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:982-99.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603033
Ruiz-Figueroa EF, Celis-Zapata J, Berrospi-Espinoza F, Payet- Meza E. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las metástasis hepáticas de cáncer colorectal. Rev Gastroenterol Perú. 2000;20:376-83.
Fontan R, Herman P, Pugliese V, Vinicius Perini M, Ferreira Coelho F, Cecconello I. Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases. Arq Gastroenterol. 2014:51;4-9.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032014000100002
Yamada H, Kondo S, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Katoh H. Analysis of predictive factors for recurrence after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg. 2001;25:1129-33.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03215859
De Jong MC, Pulitano C, Ribero D, Strub J, Mentha G, Schulick RD, et al. Rates and patterns of recurrence following curative intent surgery for colorectal liver metastasis: An internatio- nal multi-institutional analysis of 1,669 patients, Ann Surg. 2009;250:440-8.
Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Pollock R, Broglio KR, Hess K, et al. Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resec- tion, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;239:818-25.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000128305.90650.71
D'Angelica M, Kornprat P, Gonen M, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH, et al. Effect on outcome of recurrence patterns after hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:1096-103.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-1409-1
Hashimoto M, Kobayashi T, Ishiyama T, Ide K, Ohira M, Tahara H, et al. Efficacy of repeat hepatectomy for recurrence following curative hepatectomy for colorectal liver metasta- ses: A retrospective cohort study of 128 patients. Int J Surg. 2016;36:96-103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.004
Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, Balladur P, Boudjema K, Bachellier P, et al. Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1,568 patients. Cancer. 1996;77:1254- 62.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960401)77:7<1254::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-I
Tsai MS, Su YH, Ho MC, Liang JT, Chen TP, Lai HS, et al. Clinico-pathological features and prognosis in resectable syn- chronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:786-94.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-006-9215-5
Nordlinger B, van Cutsem E, Rougier P, Köhne CH, Ychou M, Sobrero A, et al. European Colorectal Metastases Treatment Group: Does chemotherapy prior to liver resection increase the potential for cure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer? A report from the European Colorectal Metastases Treatment Group. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2037-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.07.017
Nabil I. Treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Ismaili World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2011;9:154.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-9-154
Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, Garden OJ, Poston GJ, Rees M. Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review of published studies. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:982-99.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603033
Adams RB, Aloia TA, Loyer E, Pawlik TM, Taouli B, Vauthey JN. Selection for hepatic resection of colorectal liver metasta- ses: Expert consensus statement. HPB. 2013;15:91-103.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00557.x
Grundmann RT. Current state of surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;3:183-96.
https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v3.i12.183
Akgül O, Çetinkaya E, Ersöz S, Tez M. Role of surgery in colorectal cancer liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:6113-22.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6113
Pawlik TM, Schulick RD, Choti MA. Expanding criteria for resectability of colorectal liver metastases. Oncologist. 2008;13:51-64.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0142
Grundmann RT, Hermanek P, Merkel S, Germer CT, Grund- mann RT, Hauss J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of colorectal liver metastases - workflow. Zentralbl Chir. 2008;133:267-84.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076796
Nijkamp MW, van der Bilt JD, Snoeren N, Hoogwater FJ, van Houdt WJ, Molenaar IQ, et al. Prolonged portal triad clamping during liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases is associated with decreased time to hepatic tumour recurrence. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:182-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2009.10.016
Herman P, Pinheiro RS, Mello ES, Lai Q, Lupinacci RM, Perini MV, et al. Surgical margin size in hepatic resections for colorectal metastasis: Impact on recurrence and survival. Abcd Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2013;26:309-14.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202013000400011
Sarpel U, Bonavia AS, Grucela A, Roayaie S, Schwartz ME, Labow DM. Does anatomic versus non-anatomic resection affect recurrence and survival in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal liver metastasis? Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:379-84.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-008-0218-2
Zorzi D, Mullen JT, Abdalla EK, Pawlik TM, Andres A, Mura- tore A, et al. Comparison between hepatic wedge resection and anatomic resection for colorectal liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:86-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2005.07.022
Stewart GD, O'Súilleabháin CB, Madhavan KK, Wigmore SJ, Parks RW, Garden OJ. The extent of resection influences outcome following hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:370-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2004.01.011
Kostov DV, Kobakov GL. Segmental liver resection for colo- rectal metastases. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009;18:447-53.
Álvarez FA, Sánchez-Claria R, Oggero S, de Santibañes E. Parenchymal-sparing liver surgery in patients with colorec- tal carcinoma liver metastases. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;8:407-23.
https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v8.i6.407
Vinicius Perini M, Ferreira Coelho F, Ferrari Makdissi F, Mic- celli Lupinacci R, Autran Machado M, Herman P. Estrategias para aumentar a ressecabilidade em pacientes com metástases hepáticas de tumores colorretais. Abcd Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2011;24:324-7.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202011000400014
Are C, Gonen M, Zazzali K, Dematteo RP, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, et al. The impact of margins on outcome after hepatic resec- tion for colorectal metastasis. Ann Surg. 2007;246:295-300.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31811ea962
Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, Andres A, Eng C, et al. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2005;241:715-24.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000160703.75808.7d
Rostirolla R, Fontes P, Pinho M, Pedroso M, Masuko T, Novelli P, et al. The impact of laparoscopic surgery in colorectal cancer resection with respect to the development of liver metastasis in the long-term. J Coloproctol (Rio J). 2016;36:8-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcol.2015.12.002
Micelli Lupinacci R, Autran Machado M, Arioni Lupinacci R, Herman P. Simultaneous left colectomy and standard hepatectomy performed by laparoscopy. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2011;38:139-41.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912011000200013
Simillis C, Constantinides VA, Tekkis PP, Darzi A, Lovegrove R, Jiao L, et al. Laparoscopic versus open hepatic resections for benign and malignant neoplasms--a metaanalysis. Surgery. 2007;141:203-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.035
Koffron AJ, Auffenberg G, Kung R, Abecassis M. Evaluation of 300 minimally invasive liver resections at a single institution: Less is more. Ann Surg. 2007;246:385-94.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318146996c
Buell JF, Thomas MT, Rudich S, Marvin M, Nagubandi R, Ravindra KV, et al. Experience with more than 500 minimally invasive hepatic procedures. Ann Surg. 2008;248:475-86.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318185e647
Castaing D, Vibert E, Ricca L, Azoulay D, Adam R, Gayet B. Oncologic results of laparoscopic versus open hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases in two specialized centers. Ann Surg. 2009;250:849-55.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181bcaf63
López-Ben S, Ranea A, Albiol MT, Falgueras L, Castro E, Ca- sellas M, et al. Evolution of laparoscopic surgery in a high volume hepatobiliary unit: 150 consecutive pure laparoscopic hepatectomies. Cir Esp. 2017;95:261-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ciresp.2017.04.010
Vigano L, Laurent A, Tayar C, Tomatis M, Ponti A, Cherqui D. The learning curve in laparoscopic liver resection: Improved feasibility and reproducibility. Ann Surg. 2009;250:772-82.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181bd93b2
Torzilli G, Montorsi M, Donadon M, Palmisano A, Del Fabbro D, Gambetti A, et al. "Radical but conservative" is the main goal for ultrasonography-guided liver resection: Prospective validation of this approach. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201:517-28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.026
Torzilli G, Montorsi M, Del Fabbro D, Palmisano A, Dona- don M, Makuuchi M. Ultrasonographically guided surgical approach to liver tumours involving the hepatic veins close to the caval confluence. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1238-46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5321
Ruzzenente A, Conci S, Iacono C, Valdegamberi A, Campag- naro T, Bertuzzo F, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography (CE-IOUS) in patients with colorectal liver metastases after preoperative chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:281-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-012-2043-y
Eisele RM. Advances in local ablation of malignant liver le- sions. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:3885-91.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i15.3885
Boutros C, Somasundar P, Garrean S, Saied A, Espat NJ. Mi- crowave coagulation therapy for hepatic tumors: Review of the literature and critical analysis. Surg Oncol. 2010;19:22-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2009.02.001
Lu DS, Yu NC, Raman SS, Limanond P, Lassman C, Murray K, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Treatment success as defined by histologic examination of the explanted liver. Radiology. 2005;234:954-60.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2343040153
Ito K, Govindarajan A, Ito H, Fong Y. Surgical treatment of hepatic colorectal metastasis: Evolving role in the setting of improving systemic therapies and ablative treatments in the 21st century. Cancer J. 2010;16:103-10.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181d7e8e5
Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOlivera ML, Graf R. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. N Eng J Med. 2007;356:1545-59.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra065156
Garcea G, Ong SL, Maddern GJ. Predicting liver failure fo- llowing major hepatectomy. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41:798-806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2009.01.015
Tanaka K, Shimada H, Matsuo K, Ueda M, Endo I, Togo S. Remnant liver regeneration after two-stage hepatectomy for multiple bilobar colorectal metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:329-35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2006.10.038
Tucker ON, Heaton N. The "small for size" liver syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11:150-5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000157080.11117.45
Mortensen KE. Increased sinusoidal flow is not the primary stimulus to liver regeneration. Comp Hepatol. 2010:9:2.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5926-9-2
Mortensen KE, Revhaug A. Liver regeneration in surgical ani- mal models: A historical perspective and clinical implications. Eur Surg Res. 2011;46:1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000321361
Michalopoulos GK, De Frances MC. Liver regeneration. Science. 1997;276:60-6.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.60
Schlegel A, Lesurtel M, Melloul E, Limani P, Tschuor C, Graf R, et al. ALPPS: From human to mice highlighting accelera- ted and novel mechanisms of liver regeneration. Ann Surg. 2014;260:839-47.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000949
Abulkhir A, Limongelli P, Healey AJ, Damrah O, Tait P, Jackson J, et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for major liver resection: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2008;247:49-57.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815f6e5b
Riehle KJ, Dan YY, Campbell JS, Fausto N. New concepts in liver regeneration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:203-12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06539.x
Wilms C, Mueller L, Lenk C, Wittkugel O, Helmke K, Krupski- Berdien G, et al. Comparative study of portal vein embolization versus portal vein ligation for induction of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant using a mini-pig model. Ann Surg. 2008;247:825-34.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31816a9d7c
Capussotti L, Muratore A, Baracchi F, Lelong B, Ferrero A, Regge D, et al. Portal vein ligation as an efficient method of increasing the future liver remnant volume in the surgical treatment of colorectal metastases. Arch Surg. 2008;143: 978-82.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.143.10.978
Hemming AW, Reed AI, Howard RJ, Fujita S, Hochwald SN, Caridi JG, et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for extended hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2003;237:686-93.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SLA.0000065265.16728.C0
Abdalla EK, Hicks ME, Vauthey JN. Portal vein emboliza- tion: Rationale, technique and future prospects. Br J Surg. 2001;88:165-75.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01658.x
Pamecha V, Glantzounis G, Davies N, Fusai G, Sharma D, Davidson B. Long-term survival and disease recurrence fo- llowing portal vein embolisation prior to major hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:1202-7.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-008-0269-4
Gall TM, Sodergren MH, Frampton AE, Fan R, Spalding DR, Habib NA, et al. Radio-frequency-assisted liver partition with portal vein ligation (RALPP) for liver regeneration. Ann Surg. 2015;261:e45-6.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000607
Tanaka K, Endo I. ALPPS: Short-term outcome and functional changes in the future liver remnant. Ann Surg. 2015;262:e88-9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000665
Adam R, Laurent A, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Two- stage hepatectomy: A planned strategy to treat irresectable liver tumors. Ann Surg. 2000;232:777-85.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200012000-00006
Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, Greget M, Weber JC, Bachellier PA. Two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;240:1037-51.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000145965.86383.89
Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, Nadalin S, Baum- gart J, Farkas SA, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for- size settings. Ann Surg. 2012;255:405-14.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824856f5
Schadde E, Ardiles V, Slankamenac K, Tschuor C, Sergeant G, Amacker N, et al. ALPPS offers a better chance of complete resection in patients with primarily unresectable liver tumors compared with conventional-staged hepatectomies: Results of a multicenter analysis. World J Surg. 2014;38:1510-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-014-2513-3
Sala S, Ardiles V, Ulla M, Alvarez F, Pekolj J, de Santibañes E. Our initial experience with ALPPS technique: Encouraging results. Updat Surg. 2012;64:167-72.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-012-0175-y
Hernández-Alejandro R, Bertens KA, Pineda-Solís K, Croome KP. Can we improve the morbidity and mortality associated with the associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) procedure in the management of colorectal liver metastases? Surgery. 2015;157:194-201.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.041
Nadalin S, Capobianco I, Li J, Girotti P, Konigsrainer I, Konigs- rainer A. Indications and limits for associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS), les- sons learned from 15 cases at a single centre. Z Gastroenterol. 2014;52:35-42.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356364
Schadde E, Ardiles V, Robles-Campos R, Malago M, Machado R, Hernández-Alejandro R, et al. Early survival and safety of ALPPS: First report of the international ALPPS registry. Ann Surg. 2014;260:829-38.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000947
Álvarez FA, Ardiles V, Sánchez-Claria R, Pekolj J, de Santi- bañes E. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS): Tips and tricks. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:814-21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-012-2092-2
Li J, Girotti P, Konigsrainer I, Ladurner R, Konigsrainer A, Nadalin S. ALPPS in right trisectionectomy: A safe proce- dure to avoid postoperative liver failure? J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:956-61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-012-2132-y
Knoefel WT, Gabor I, Rehders A, Alexander A, Krausch M, Schulte J, et al. In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two-stage liver resection. Br J Surg. 2013;100:388-94.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.8955
Oldhafer KJ, Donati M, Jenner RM, Stang A, Stavrou GA. ALPPS for patients with colorectal liver metastases: Effective liver hypertrophy, but early tumor recurrence. World J Surg. 2014;38:1504-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-013-2401-2
Bertens KA, Hawel J, Lung K, Buac S, Pineda-Solis K, Hernández-Alejandro R. ALPPS: Challenging the concept of unresectability. A systematic review. Int J Surg. 2015;13:280-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.12.008
Martins Torres OJ, Assunção Moraes-Junior JM, Lima E Lima NC, Moraes AM. Ligadura da veia porta associada á transe- cção para hepatectomia em dois estágios (Alpps): uma nova abordagem nas ressecções hepáticas. Abcd Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2012;254:290-2.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202012000400015
Tsai MS, Su YH, Ho MC, Liang JT, Chen TP, Lai HS, et al. Clinico-pathological features and prognosis in resectable syn- chronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:786-94.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-006-9215-5
Ihnát P, Vávra P, Zonča P. Treatment strategies for colorectal carcinoma with synchronous liver metastases: Which way to go? World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:7014-21.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.7014
Andres A, Toso C, Adam R, Barroso E, Hubert C, Capussotti L, et al. A survival analysis of the liver-first reversed management of advanced simultaneous colorectal liver metastases: A liver Met survey-based study. Ann Surg. 2012;256:772-9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182734423
Brouquet A, Mortenson MM, Vauthey JN, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Overman MJ, Chang GJ, et al. Surgical strategies for synchronous colorectal liver metastases in 156 consecutive patients: Classic, combined or reverse strategy? J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:934-41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.02.039
Fahy BN, Fischer CP. Synchronous resection of colorectal pri- mary and hepatic metastasis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2012;3:48- 58.
Grundmann RT. Current state of surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;3:183-96.
https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v3.i12.183
De Haas RJ, Adam R, Wicherts DA, Azoulay D, Bismuth H, Vibert E, et al. Comparison of simultaneous or delayed liver surgery for limited synchronous colorectal metastases. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1279-89.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7106
Tsoulfas G, Pramateftakis MG. Management of rectal cancer and liver metastatic disease: which comes first? Int J Surg Oncol. 2012;2012:196908. doi: 10.1155/2012/196908
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/196908
Mentha G, Roth AD, Terraz S, Giostra E, Gervaz P, Andres A, et al. 'Liver first' approach in the treatment of colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Dig Surg. 2008;25:430-5.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000184734
Chua TC, Saxena A, Liauw W, Kokandi A, Morris DL. Sys- tematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials of the clinical response and outcomes of neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy for resectable colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:492-501.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0781-1
Adam R, De Gramont A, Figueras J, Guthrie A, Kokudo N, Kunstlinger F, et al. The oncosurgery approach to managing liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A multidisciplinary international consensus. Oncologist. 2012;17:1225-39.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0121
Grundmann RT, Hermanek P, Merkel S, Germer CT, Grund- mann RT, Hauss J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of colorectal liver metastases - workflow. Zentralbl Chir. 2008;133:267-84.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076796
Khan K, Wale A, Brown G, Chau I. Colorectal cancer with liver metastases: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection first or palliation alone? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:12391-406.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12391
Benoist S, Brouquet A, Penna C, Julié C, El Hajjam M, Chagnon S, et al. Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy: Does it mean cure? J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3939- 45.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.05.8727
Brouquet A, Mortenson M, Vauthey JN, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Overman MJ, Chang GJ, et al. Surgical strategies for synchronous colorectal liver metastases in 156 consecutive patients: Classic, combined or reverse strategy? Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.02.039
Pérez-Cabrera B, Palomeque-Jiménez A, Navarro-Sánchez P, González-Ramírez AR, Navarro-Freire F. Metástasis hepáticas de origen colorrectal sincrónicas: ¿intervención simultánea o secuencial? Rev Chil Cir. 2015:67:158-66.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-40262015000200008
Bajpai SK, Sahani D. Recent progress in imaging of colo- rectal cancer liver metastases. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2009;5:99-107.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-009-0015-8
Mainenti PP, Cirillo LC, Camera L, Persico F, Cantalupo T, Pace L, et al. Accuracy of single phase contrast enhanced multidetector CT colonography in the preoperative staging of colo-rectal cancer. Eur J Radiol. 2006;60:453-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.08.001
Mainenti PP, Romano F, Pizzuti L, Segreto S, Storto G, Man- nelli L, Imbriaco M, et al. Non-invasive diagnostic imaging of colorectal liver Metastases. World J Radiol. 2015;7:157-69.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2019 Revista Colombiana de Cirugía
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Todos los textos incluidos en la Revista Colombiana de Cirugía están protegidos por derechos de autor. Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos firmados son las de los autores y no coinciden necesariamente con las de los directores o los editores de la Revista Colombiana de Cirugía. Las sugerencias diagnósticas o terapéuticas como elección de productos, dosificación y métodos de empleo corresponden a la experiencia y al criterio de los autores.
.jpg)
