Obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición
Palabras clave:
Obesidad, Diabetes Mellitus, Hígado Graso, Síndrome X Metabólico, Fructosa, Aceite de MaízResumen
La situación de sobrepeso y de obesidad en la población se considera un problema grave de salud pública. Actualmente, en el mundo existen cerca de 1.600 millones de adultos con sobrepeso, de los cuales, 400 millones son clínicamente obesos. En el caso de Colombia, según la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional, realizada en 2005 por el Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, existe sobrepeso y obesidad en 46% de la población adulta, lo que afecta en forma más importante a las mujeres.
La globalización se encuentra ligada a los rápidos cambios socioeconómicos, demográficos y tecnológicos; esto forma parte de la evolución y genera el proceso de la transición nutricional. Los seres humanos han sufrido cambios importantes en su actividad física y su estado nutricional, lo cual ha influido en el desarrollo de las enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición: la urbanización, el crecimiento económico, los cambios tecnológicos en el trabajo, el procesamiento de alimentos, la cultura y el crecimiento de la información masiva.
Los efectos de la modificación de los patrones implican un incremento en el consumo de alimentos, en su contenido calórico, en la disminución del gasto energético, o en todas las anteriores.
Diversos estudios han correlacionado la presencia de ciertos tipos de cáncer con obesidad y la dieta es un factor muy importante para prevenirlo.
Finalmente, debe considerarse la obesidad como un problema económico derivado de factores tales como políticas gubernamentales, influencia de importantes compañías de alimentos y de la inseguridad alimentaria presente en las clases socioeconómicas menos favorecidas. Es absolutamente necesario implementar programas educativos a diferentes niveles y, sobre todo, a multiplicadores de información, sobre lo que significa una dieta balanceada y la importancia de una alimentación sana en la salud y el bienestar del individuo.
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https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp048310
3. Corbo S. Apolipoprotein E(APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE4 a "thrifty" allele? Ann Hum Genet. 1999;63:301-10.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6340301.x
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https://doi.org/10.1002/0471781797
5. KUMAR D. Genomics and clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008.
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https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr043743
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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012153654-1/50003-9
14.OMRAN A. The epidemilologic transition: a theory of the epide- miology of population change. Milbank Q. 2005;83:509-38.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x
15.POPKIN B. An overview on the nutrition transition and its health implications: The Bellagio meeting. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:93-103.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001280
16.POPKIN B. Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncomunicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:289-98.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.2.289
17. POPKIN B. What is the nutrition transition. UNC Carolina Popula- tion Center. Fecha de consulta: 18 de mayo de 2009. Disponible en: htpp://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/nutrans/whatis.
18. WOLFF E, DANSINGER M. Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? Medscape J Med. 2008. Fecha de consulta: 5 de mayo de 2009. Disponible en: htpp://www.medscape.com/ viewarticle/578319_print.
19. MATTES R. Dietary compensantion by humans for supplemented energy provided as ethanol or carbohidrates in fluid. Physiol Behav. 2006;59:179-87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(95)02007-1
20. BRAY G. Fructose - How worried should we be? Medscape J Med. 2008. Fecha de consulta: 8 de abril de 2009. Disponible en: htpp://medscape.com/viewartcle/575891_print.
21. ELLIOT S, KEIMM N, STERN J, TEFF K, HAVEL P. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:911-22.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.5.911
22. FULGONI III V. High-fructose corn syrup: Everything you wanted to know, but were afraid to ask. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1715S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825A
23. WHITE J. Straight talk about high fructose corn syrup: What it is and what it ain't. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1716S-21S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825B
24. MELANSON K, ANGELOPOULOS T, NGUYEN V, ZUKLEY L, LOWNDES J, RIPPE J. High fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and apetite regulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008:88:1738S-44S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825E
25. SCHORIN M. High fructose corn syrups, part 1: Composition, consumption, and metabolism. Nutr Today. 2005;40:248-52.
26. MALIK V, POPKIN B, BRAY G, DESPRÉS JP, HU F. Sugar- sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation. 2010;121:1356-64.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185
27. DUFFEY K, POPKIN B. High- fructose corn syrup: Is this what's for dinner? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1722S-3S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825C
28. STANHOPE K, HAVEL P. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1733S-7S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825D
29. SCHAEFER E, GLEASON J, DANSINGER M. Dietary fructose and glucose differentially affect lipid and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr. 2009;139:1257S-62S.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.098186
30. BROWNELL K, FRIEDEN T. Ounces of prevention- The public policy casefor taxes and sugared beverages. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1805-8.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp0902392
31. JACOBSON M. Liquid candy: How soft drinks are harming Americans' health. Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest; 2005. Fecha de consulta: 25 de febrero de 2010. Disponible en: Center for Science in the Public Interest: htpp:// www.cspinet.org/liquidcandy.
32. RITCHIE L, WOODWARD-LÓPEZ, GERSTEIN D, SMITH D, JOHNS M, CRAFORD P. Preventing obesity: What should we eat? Cali- fornia Agriculture. 2007;61:112-8.
https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v061n03p112
33. GERRIOR S, PUTNAM J, BENTE L. Milk and milk products. Their importance in the American diet. Food Rev. 1998;14:29-37.
34. DUFFEY K, POPKIN B. Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and 2002. Obesity. 2007;15:2739-47.
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.326
35. NIELSEN S, POPKIN B. Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:205-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.05.005
36. BROWNELL K, FARLEY T, WILLET W, POPKIN B, CHALOUPKA F, THOMPSON J, et al. The public health and economic be- nefit of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1599-605.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723
37. CABALLERO B. Introduction. J Nutr. 2001;131:866S-70S.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.866S
38. CABALLERO B. The global epidemic of obesity: An overview. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:1-5. Fecha de consulta: 19 de mayo de 2009. Disponible en: htpp://www.epirev.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ content/full/mxm012v1.
https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm012
39. DOAK C, ADAIR L, BENTLEY M, MONTERO C, POPKIN B. The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox. Int J Obes. 2005;29:129-36.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802824
40. MONTEIRO C, CONDE W, POPKIN B. The burden of disease from undernutrition and overnutrition in countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition: a view from Brazil. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:433-4.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.3.433
41. BARKER D, MARTYN C. The maternal and fetal origins of cardio- vascular disease. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992;46:8-11. Fecha de consulta: 28 de febrero de 2010. Disponible en: httpp:// www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/art.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.46.1.8
42. BARKER D, FALL C. Fetal infant origins of cardiovascular disease. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:797-9.
https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.68.6.797
43. BARKER D, CLIVE O, FORSÉN T, KAJANTIE E, ERIKSSON J. Tra- jectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;17:1802-9.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa044160
44. BARKER D. The origins of the developmental origins theory. J Intern Med. 2007;261:412-7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x
45. KAJANTIE E, BAKER D, OSMOND C, FORSÉN T, ERICKSSON J. Growth before 2 years of age and serum lipids 60 years later: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;31:280-9.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn012
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2011-07-01
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Savino, P. Obesidad Y Enfermedades No Transmisibles Relacionadas Con La nutrición. Rev Colomb Cir 2011, 26, 180-195.
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