Utilización de la citrulina plasmática como marcador de la función intestinal: aplicaciones en trasplante de intestino y otras enfermedades digestivas
Palabras clave:
citrulina, glutamina, intestino delgado, trasplante, síndrome de intestino cortoResumen
El intestino delgado es responsable, no sólo de la digestión y la absorción de los nutrientes, sino también del metabolismo de varios aminoácidos, entre ellos, la glutamina, principal precursor de la citrulina plasmática.
El metabolismo único de la citrulina ha atraído interés científico en la aplicación clínica como marcador de la función intestinal en algunas enfermedades y en procedimientos quirúrgicos como el trasplante de intestino delgado y en resecciones intestinales extensas, que desencadenan el síndrome de intestino corto. Se han propuesto diversos marcadores para la valoración de la función intestinal pero, ante la baja sensibilidad y especificidad, además de la difícil aplicación clínica, la citrulina viene mostrándose como una herramienta no invasiva de la valoración de la masa y funcionalidad de los enterocitos. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la importancia de la citrulina en las principales enfermedades y procedimientos quirúrgicos del intestino delgado, destacando su metabolismo, aplicaciones en el trasplante de intestino y perspectivas de su aplicación clínica en otras enfermedades digestivas.
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Referencias bibliográficas
1. WU G. Intestinal mucosa amino acid catabolism. J Nutr. 1998;128:1249-52.
2. CURIS E., CRENN P., CYNOBER L.Citrulline and the gut. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10:620-6.
3. CRENN P., MESSING B., CYNOBER L. Citrulline as a biomarker of intestinal failure due to enterocyte mass reduction. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:328-39.
4. FLYNN NE., MEININGER CJ., HAYNES TE., WU G. The metabolic basis of arginine nutrition and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56:427-38.
5. CHIH-KUANG C., SHUAN-PEI L., SHYUE-JYE L., TUAN-JEN W. Plasma free amino acids in Taiwan Chinese: the effect of age. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002;40:378-82.
6. CRENN P., COUDRAY-LUCAS C., THUILLIER F., CYNOBER L., MESSING B. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1496-505.
7. CRENN P., VAHEDI K., LAVERGNE-SLOVE A., CYNOBER L., MATUCHANSKY C., MESSING B. Plasma citrulline: A marker of enterocyte mass in villous atrophy-associated small bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1210-9.
8. CURIS E., NICOLIS I., MOINARD C., OSOWSKA S., ZERROUK N., BÉNAZETH S., et al. Almost all about citrulline in mammals. Amino Acids. 2005;29:177-205.
9. WINDMUELLER H., SPAETH AE. Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am J Physiol. 1981;241:E473-80.
10. JIANFENG G., WEIMING Z., NING L., FANGNAN L., LI T., NAN L., et al. Serum citrulline is a simple quantitative marker for small intestinal enterocytes mass and absorption function in short bowel patients. J Surg Res 2005;127:177-82.
11. KATO T., GAYNOR JJ., NISHIDA S., MITTAL N., SELVAGGI G., LEVI D., et al. Zoom endoscopic monitoring of small bowel allograft rejection. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:773-82.
12. DAVID AI., SELVAGGI G., RUIZ P., GAYNOR JJ., TRYPHONOPOULOS P., KLEINER GI. et al. Blood citrulline level is an exclusionary marker for significant acute rejection after intestinal transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;84:1077-81.
13. RHOADS JM., PLUNKETT E., GALANKO J., LICHTMAN S., TAYLOR L., MAYNOR A., et al. Serum citrulline levels correlate with enteral tolerance and bowel length in infants with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr. 2005;146:542-7.
14. BLIJLEVENS NM., LUTGENS LC., SCHATTENBERG AV., DONNELLY JP. Citrulline: a potentially simple quantitative marker of intestinal epithelial damage following myeloablative therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;34:193-6.
15. LUTGENS LC., BLIJLEVENS NM., DEUTZ NE., DONNELLY JP., LAMBIN P., DE PAUW BE. Monitoring myeloablative therapyinduced small bowel toxicity by serum citrulline concentration: a comparison with sugar permeability tests. Cancer. 2005;103:191-9.
16. COLOMB V., FABEIRO M., DABBAS M., GOULET O., MERCKX J., RICOUR C. Central venous catheter-related infections in children on long-term home parenteral nutrition: incidence and risk factors. Clin Nutr. 2000;19:355-9.
17. DURO D., KAMIN D. Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Colomb Med. 2007;38:71-4.
18. RAMAKRISHNA BS., VENKATARAMAN S., MUKHOPADHYA A. Tropical malabsorption. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:779-87.
19. CRENN P., COUDRAY-LUCAS C., CYNOBER L., MESSING B. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration: a marker of intestinal failure in humans. Transplant Proc. 1998;30:2528.
20. LILLEHEI RC., GOOTT B., MILLER FA. The physiological response of the small bowel of the dog to ischemia including prolonged in vitro preservation of the bowel with successful replacement and survival. Ann Surg. 1959;150:543-59.
21. STARZL T., KAUPP H JR. Mass homotransplantation of abdominal organs in dogs. Surg Forum. 1960;11:28-30.
22. RUÍZ J., UCHIDA H., SCHULTZ L., LILLEHEI RC. Problems in absorption and immunosuppression after intestinal allotransplantation. Am J Surg. 1972;123:297-303.
23. COHEN Z., MACGREGOR A., MOORE K., FALK RE., LANGER B., CULLEN JB. Canine small bowel transplantation: a study of the immunologic responses. Arch Surg. 1976;111:248-53.
24. KIRKMAN R. Small bowel transplantation. Transplantation. 1984;37:429-33.
25. FORTNER J., SICHUK G., LITWIN S., BEATTIE EJ JR. Immunological responses to an intestinal allograft with HLA-identical donorrecipients. Transplantation. 1972;14:531-35.
26. RAIU S., CAVIRLI M., DIDLAKE R. Experimental small bowel transplantation utilizing cyclosporine. Transplantation. 1984;38:561-66.
27. REZNICK R., CRADDOCK G., LANGER B., GILAS T., CULLEN JB. Structure and function of small bowel allografts in the dog: immunosuppression with cyclosporin A. Can J Surg. 1982;25:51-5.
28. DILIZ-PÉREZ H., MCCLURE J., BEDETTI C., HONG HQ., DE SANTIBANES E., SHAW BW JR., et al. Successful small bowel allotransplantation in dogs with cyclosporine and prednisone. Transplantation. 1984;37:126-29.
29. OKUMURA M., MESTER M. The coming of age of small bowel transplantation in humans: a historical perspective. Transplant Proc. 1992;24:1241.
30. BAÑOS FB., GUZMÁN C., HOYOS S., MENA A., ECHEVERRI C., RUIZ M., et al. Trasplante de intestino delgado: “una realidad en Colombia”. Rev Col Gastroenterol. 2008;23:166-78.
31. GRANT D., ABU-ELMAGD K., REYES J., TZAKIS A., LANGNAS A., FISHBEIN T. et al. 2003 report of the intestinal transplant registry: a new era has dawned. Ann Surg. 2005;241:607-13.
32. ABU-ELMAGD K., BOND G., MATARESE L., COSTA G., KORITSKY D., LAUGHLIN K., et al. Gut rehabilitation and intestinal transplantation. Therapy. 2005;2:853-864.
33. SCANTLEBURY V. Cadaveric and living donation. En: Shapiro R, Simmons R, Starzl T. Renal transplantation. 1a edition. Stamford: Ed. Appleton & Lange; 1997. p. 74.
34. KATO T., GAYNOR JJ., SELVAGGI G., MITTAL N., THOMPSON J., LAUGHLIN GE., et al. A. Intestinal transplantation in children: A summary of clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in 108 patients from a single center. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:75-89.
35. TZAKIS AG., KATO T., LEVI DM., DEFARIA W., SELVAGGI G., WEPPLER D., et al. 100 multivisceral transplants at a single center. Ann Surg. 2005;242:480-93.
36. KATO T., TZAKIS AG., SELVAGGI G., GAYNOR JJ., DAVID AI., BUSSOTI A., et al. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation in children. Ann Surg. 2006;243:756-66.
37. PAPPAS PA., SAUDUBRAY JM., TZAKIS AG., RABIER D., CARRENO MR., GOMEZ-MARIN O., et al. Serum citrulline and rejection in small bowel transplantation: a preliminary report. Transplantation. 2001;72:1212-6.
38. PAPPAS PA., SAUDUBRAY JM., TZAKIS AG., RABIER D., CARRENO MR., GOMEZ-MARIN O., et al. Serum citrulline as a marker of acute cellular rejection for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:915-7.
39. PAPPAS PA., TZAKIS AG., GAYNOR JJ.,CARRENO MR., RUIZ P., HUIJING F., et al. An analysis of the association between serum citrulline and acute rejection among 26 recipients of intestinal transplant. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1124-32.
40. GONDOLESI G., FISHBEIN T., CHEHADE M., TSCHERNIA A., MAGID M., KAUFMAN S. Serum citrulline is a potential marker for rejection of intestinal allografts. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:918-20.
41. GONDOLESI GE., KAUFMAN SS., SANSARICQ C., MAGID MS., RAYMOND K., ILEDAN LP., et al. Defining normal plasma citrulline in intestinal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:414-8.
42. GONDOLESI G., GHIRARDO S., RAYMOND K., HOPPENHAUER L., SURILLO D., RUMBO C., et al. The value of plasma citrulline to predict mucosal injury in intestinal allografts. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2786-90.
43. DAVID AI., GAYNOR JJ., ZIS PP., CONANAN L., GOLDSMITH L., ESQUENAZI V., et al. An association of lower serum citrulline levels within 30 days of acute rejection in patients following small intestine transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:1731-2.
44. RABIER D., KAMOUN P. Metabolism of citrulline in man. Amino Acids. 1995;9:299-316.
45. CAMACHO JA., OBIE C., BIERY B., GOODMAN BK., HU CA., ALMASHANU S., et al. Hyperornithinaemia-hyperammonaemiahomocitrullinuria syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a mitochondrial ornithine transporter. Nat Genet. 1999;22:151-8.
46. SANDSTROM P., TRULSSON L., GASSLANDER T., SUNDQVIST T., VON DOBELN U., SVANVIK J. Serum amino acid profile in patients with acute pancreatitis. Amino Acids. 2008;35:225-31.
47. RIBES A., RIUDOR E., VALCÁREL R., SALVÁ A., CASTELLÓ F., MURILLO S., et al. Pearson syndrome: altered tricarboxylic acid and ureacycle metabolites, adrenal insufficiency and corneal opacities. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16:537-40.
48. BRANDT CT., LEITE CRC., MANHÃES-DE-CASTRO FM., MACEDO EMC., SILVA RPP., CASTRO CMM. Nitric oxide monocyte production levels in patients with the hepatosplenic form of Schistosoma mansoni infection who underwent splenectomy, ligature of the left gastric vein and auto implantation of spleen tissue in the major omentum. Acta Cirur Bras. 2006;21:285-90.
49. BANSAL V., RODRIGUEZ P., WU G., EICHLER DC., ZABALETA J., TAHERI F., et al. Citrulline can preserve proliferation and prevent the loss of CD3 zeta chain under conditions of low arginine. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28:423-30.
50. OSOWSKA S., DUCHEMANN T., WALRAND S., PAILLARD A., BOIRIE J., CYNOBER L., et al. Citrulline modulates muscle protein metabolism in old malnourished rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:E582-6.
51. SMITH HA., CANTER JA., CHRISTIAN KG., DRINKWATER DC., SCHOLL FG., CHRISTMAN BW., et al. Nitric oxide precursors and congenital heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial of oral citrulline. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:58-65.
52. CERIOTTI G. Ultramicrodetermination of plasma urea by reaction with diacetylmonoxime-antipyrine without deproteinization. Clin Chem. 1971;17:400-2.
53. MOORE RB., KAUFFMAN NJ. Simultaneous determination of citrulline and urea using diacetylmonoxime. Anal Biochem. 1970;33:263-72.
54. YU HC., TUTEJA S., MOON JI., KLEINER GI., CONANAN L., GAYNOR JJ., et al. Utilization of dried blood spot citrulline level as a noninvasive method for monitoring graft function following intestinal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80:1729-33.
55. DEMACKER PN., BEIJERS AM., VAN DAAL H., DONNELLY JP., BLIJLEVENS NM., VAN DEN OUWELAND JM. Plasma citrulline measurement using UPLC tandem mass-spectrometry to determine small intestinal enterocyte pathology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:387-92.
56. PETERS JH., WIERDSMA NJ., TEERLINK T., VAN LEEUWEN PA., MULDER CJ., VAN BODEGRAVEN AA. The citrulline generation test: proposal for a new enterocyte function test. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:1300-10.
57. SPATH G., HIRNER A. Microbial translocation and impairment of mucosal immunity induced by an elemental diet in rats in prevented by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Eur J Surg. 1998;164:223-8.
58. CUCCHETTI A., SINISCALCHI A., BAGNI A., LAURO A., CESCON M., ZUCCHINI N., et al. Bacterial translocation in adult small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2009;41:1325-30.
59. FERRAZ AAB., CAMPOS JM., ARAÚJO JÚNIOR JG., ALBUQUERQUE AC., FERRAZ EM. Gut bacterial translocation and postoperative infections: A prospective study in schistosomotic patients. Surg Infect. 2005;6:197-201.
60. MODOLELL M., CORRALIZA IM., LINK F., SOLER G., EICHMANN K. Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages by TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol. 1995;25:1101-4.
2. CURIS E., CRENN P., CYNOBER L.Citrulline and the gut. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10:620-6.
3. CRENN P., MESSING B., CYNOBER L. Citrulline as a biomarker of intestinal failure due to enterocyte mass reduction. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:328-39.
4. FLYNN NE., MEININGER CJ., HAYNES TE., WU G. The metabolic basis of arginine nutrition and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56:427-38.
5. CHIH-KUANG C., SHUAN-PEI L., SHYUE-JYE L., TUAN-JEN W. Plasma free amino acids in Taiwan Chinese: the effect of age. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002;40:378-82.
6. CRENN P., COUDRAY-LUCAS C., THUILLIER F., CYNOBER L., MESSING B. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1496-505.
7. CRENN P., VAHEDI K., LAVERGNE-SLOVE A., CYNOBER L., MATUCHANSKY C., MESSING B. Plasma citrulline: A marker of enterocyte mass in villous atrophy-associated small bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1210-9.
8. CURIS E., NICOLIS I., MOINARD C., OSOWSKA S., ZERROUK N., BÉNAZETH S., et al. Almost all about citrulline in mammals. Amino Acids. 2005;29:177-205.
9. WINDMUELLER H., SPAETH AE. Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am J Physiol. 1981;241:E473-80.
10. JIANFENG G., WEIMING Z., NING L., FANGNAN L., LI T., NAN L., et al. Serum citrulline is a simple quantitative marker for small intestinal enterocytes mass and absorption function in short bowel patients. J Surg Res 2005;127:177-82.
11. KATO T., GAYNOR JJ., NISHIDA S., MITTAL N., SELVAGGI G., LEVI D., et al. Zoom endoscopic monitoring of small bowel allograft rejection. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:773-82.
12. DAVID AI., SELVAGGI G., RUIZ P., GAYNOR JJ., TRYPHONOPOULOS P., KLEINER GI. et al. Blood citrulline level is an exclusionary marker for significant acute rejection after intestinal transplantation. Transplantation. 2007;84:1077-81.
13. RHOADS JM., PLUNKETT E., GALANKO J., LICHTMAN S., TAYLOR L., MAYNOR A., et al. Serum citrulline levels correlate with enteral tolerance and bowel length in infants with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr. 2005;146:542-7.
14. BLIJLEVENS NM., LUTGENS LC., SCHATTENBERG AV., DONNELLY JP. Citrulline: a potentially simple quantitative marker of intestinal epithelial damage following myeloablative therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;34:193-6.
15. LUTGENS LC., BLIJLEVENS NM., DEUTZ NE., DONNELLY JP., LAMBIN P., DE PAUW BE. Monitoring myeloablative therapyinduced small bowel toxicity by serum citrulline concentration: a comparison with sugar permeability tests. Cancer. 2005;103:191-9.
16. COLOMB V., FABEIRO M., DABBAS M., GOULET O., MERCKX J., RICOUR C. Central venous catheter-related infections in children on long-term home parenteral nutrition: incidence and risk factors. Clin Nutr. 2000;19:355-9.
17. DURO D., KAMIN D. Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Colomb Med. 2007;38:71-4.
18. RAMAKRISHNA BS., VENKATARAMAN S., MUKHOPADHYA A. Tropical malabsorption. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:779-87.
19. CRENN P., COUDRAY-LUCAS C., CYNOBER L., MESSING B. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration: a marker of intestinal failure in humans. Transplant Proc. 1998;30:2528.
20. LILLEHEI RC., GOOTT B., MILLER FA. The physiological response of the small bowel of the dog to ischemia including prolonged in vitro preservation of the bowel with successful replacement and survival. Ann Surg. 1959;150:543-59.
21. STARZL T., KAUPP H JR. Mass homotransplantation of abdominal organs in dogs. Surg Forum. 1960;11:28-30.
22. RUÍZ J., UCHIDA H., SCHULTZ L., LILLEHEI RC. Problems in absorption and immunosuppression after intestinal allotransplantation. Am J Surg. 1972;123:297-303.
23. COHEN Z., MACGREGOR A., MOORE K., FALK RE., LANGER B., CULLEN JB. Canine small bowel transplantation: a study of the immunologic responses. Arch Surg. 1976;111:248-53.
24. KIRKMAN R. Small bowel transplantation. Transplantation. 1984;37:429-33.
25. FORTNER J., SICHUK G., LITWIN S., BEATTIE EJ JR. Immunological responses to an intestinal allograft with HLA-identical donorrecipients. Transplantation. 1972;14:531-35.
26. RAIU S., CAVIRLI M., DIDLAKE R. Experimental small bowel transplantation utilizing cyclosporine. Transplantation. 1984;38:561-66.
27. REZNICK R., CRADDOCK G., LANGER B., GILAS T., CULLEN JB. Structure and function of small bowel allografts in the dog: immunosuppression with cyclosporin A. Can J Surg. 1982;25:51-5.
28. DILIZ-PÉREZ H., MCCLURE J., BEDETTI C., HONG HQ., DE SANTIBANES E., SHAW BW JR., et al. Successful small bowel allotransplantation in dogs with cyclosporine and prednisone. Transplantation. 1984;37:126-29.
29. OKUMURA M., MESTER M. The coming of age of small bowel transplantation in humans: a historical perspective. Transplant Proc. 1992;24:1241.
30. BAÑOS FB., GUZMÁN C., HOYOS S., MENA A., ECHEVERRI C., RUIZ M., et al. Trasplante de intestino delgado: “una realidad en Colombia”. Rev Col Gastroenterol. 2008;23:166-78.
31. GRANT D., ABU-ELMAGD K., REYES J., TZAKIS A., LANGNAS A., FISHBEIN T. et al. 2003 report of the intestinal transplant registry: a new era has dawned. Ann Surg. 2005;241:607-13.
32. ABU-ELMAGD K., BOND G., MATARESE L., COSTA G., KORITSKY D., LAUGHLIN K., et al. Gut rehabilitation and intestinal transplantation. Therapy. 2005;2:853-864.
33. SCANTLEBURY V. Cadaveric and living donation. En: Shapiro R, Simmons R, Starzl T. Renal transplantation. 1a edition. Stamford: Ed. Appleton & Lange; 1997. p. 74.
34. KATO T., GAYNOR JJ., SELVAGGI G., MITTAL N., THOMPSON J., LAUGHLIN GE., et al. A. Intestinal transplantation in children: A summary of clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in 108 patients from a single center. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:75-89.
35. TZAKIS AG., KATO T., LEVI DM., DEFARIA W., SELVAGGI G., WEPPLER D., et al. 100 multivisceral transplants at a single center. Ann Surg. 2005;242:480-93.
36. KATO T., TZAKIS AG., SELVAGGI G., GAYNOR JJ., DAVID AI., BUSSOTI A., et al. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation in children. Ann Surg. 2006;243:756-66.
37. PAPPAS PA., SAUDUBRAY JM., TZAKIS AG., RABIER D., CARRENO MR., GOMEZ-MARIN O., et al. Serum citrulline and rejection in small bowel transplantation: a preliminary report. Transplantation. 2001;72:1212-6.
38. PAPPAS PA., SAUDUBRAY JM., TZAKIS AG., RABIER D., CARRENO MR., GOMEZ-MARIN O., et al. Serum citrulline as a marker of acute cellular rejection for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:915-7.
39. PAPPAS PA., TZAKIS AG., GAYNOR JJ.,CARRENO MR., RUIZ P., HUIJING F., et al. An analysis of the association between serum citrulline and acute rejection among 26 recipients of intestinal transplant. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1124-32.
40. GONDOLESI G., FISHBEIN T., CHEHADE M., TSCHERNIA A., MAGID M., KAUFMAN S. Serum citrulline is a potential marker for rejection of intestinal allografts. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:918-20.
41. GONDOLESI GE., KAUFMAN SS., SANSARICQ C., MAGID MS., RAYMOND K., ILEDAN LP., et al. Defining normal plasma citrulline in intestinal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:414-8.
42. GONDOLESI G., GHIRARDO S., RAYMOND K., HOPPENHAUER L., SURILLO D., RUMBO C., et al. The value of plasma citrulline to predict mucosal injury in intestinal allografts. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2786-90.
43. DAVID AI., GAYNOR JJ., ZIS PP., CONANAN L., GOLDSMITH L., ESQUENAZI V., et al. An association of lower serum citrulline levels within 30 days of acute rejection in patients following small intestine transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:1731-2.
44. RABIER D., KAMOUN P. Metabolism of citrulline in man. Amino Acids. 1995;9:299-316.
45. CAMACHO JA., OBIE C., BIERY B., GOODMAN BK., HU CA., ALMASHANU S., et al. Hyperornithinaemia-hyperammonaemiahomocitrullinuria syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a mitochondrial ornithine transporter. Nat Genet. 1999;22:151-8.
46. SANDSTROM P., TRULSSON L., GASSLANDER T., SUNDQVIST T., VON DOBELN U., SVANVIK J. Serum amino acid profile in patients with acute pancreatitis. Amino Acids. 2008;35:225-31.
47. RIBES A., RIUDOR E., VALCÁREL R., SALVÁ A., CASTELLÓ F., MURILLO S., et al. Pearson syndrome: altered tricarboxylic acid and ureacycle metabolites, adrenal insufficiency and corneal opacities. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16:537-40.
48. BRANDT CT., LEITE CRC., MANHÃES-DE-CASTRO FM., MACEDO EMC., SILVA RPP., CASTRO CMM. Nitric oxide monocyte production levels in patients with the hepatosplenic form of Schistosoma mansoni infection who underwent splenectomy, ligature of the left gastric vein and auto implantation of spleen tissue in the major omentum. Acta Cirur Bras. 2006;21:285-90.
49. BANSAL V., RODRIGUEZ P., WU G., EICHLER DC., ZABALETA J., TAHERI F., et al. Citrulline can preserve proliferation and prevent the loss of CD3 zeta chain under conditions of low arginine. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28:423-30.
50. OSOWSKA S., DUCHEMANN T., WALRAND S., PAILLARD A., BOIRIE J., CYNOBER L., et al. Citrulline modulates muscle protein metabolism in old malnourished rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:E582-6.
51. SMITH HA., CANTER JA., CHRISTIAN KG., DRINKWATER DC., SCHOLL FG., CHRISTMAN BW., et al. Nitric oxide precursors and congenital heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial of oral citrulline. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:58-65.
52. CERIOTTI G. Ultramicrodetermination of plasma urea by reaction with diacetylmonoxime-antipyrine without deproteinization. Clin Chem. 1971;17:400-2.
53. MOORE RB., KAUFFMAN NJ. Simultaneous determination of citrulline and urea using diacetylmonoxime. Anal Biochem. 1970;33:263-72.
54. YU HC., TUTEJA S., MOON JI., KLEINER GI., CONANAN L., GAYNOR JJ., et al. Utilization of dried blood spot citrulline level as a noninvasive method for monitoring graft function following intestinal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80:1729-33.
55. DEMACKER PN., BEIJERS AM., VAN DAAL H., DONNELLY JP., BLIJLEVENS NM., VAN DEN OUWELAND JM. Plasma citrulline measurement using UPLC tandem mass-spectrometry to determine small intestinal enterocyte pathology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:387-92.
56. PETERS JH., WIERDSMA NJ., TEERLINK T., VAN LEEUWEN PA., MULDER CJ., VAN BODEGRAVEN AA. The citrulline generation test: proposal for a new enterocyte function test. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:1300-10.
57. SPATH G., HIRNER A. Microbial translocation and impairment of mucosal immunity induced by an elemental diet in rats in prevented by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Eur J Surg. 1998;164:223-8.
58. CUCCHETTI A., SINISCALCHI A., BAGNI A., LAURO A., CESCON M., ZUCCHINI N., et al. Bacterial translocation in adult small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2009;41:1325-30.
59. FERRAZ AAB., CAMPOS JM., ARAÚJO JÚNIOR JG., ALBUQUERQUE AC., FERRAZ EM. Gut bacterial translocation and postoperative infections: A prospective study in schistosomotic patients. Surg Infect. 2005;6:197-201.
60. MODOLELL M., CORRALIZA IM., LINK F., SOLER G., EICHMANN K. Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages by TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol. 1995;25:1101-4.
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2009-12-20
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De Siqueira, L. T.; Bandeira Ferraz, Álvaro A.; Marins Campos, J.; Machado Ferraz, E.; Galvão Neto, M.; Zundel, N. Utilización De La Citrulina plasmática Como Marcador De La función Intestinal: Aplicaciones En Trasplante De Intestino Y Otras Enfermedades Digestivas. Rev Colomb Cir 2009, 24, 258-268.
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Todos los textos incluidos en la Revista Colombiana de Cirugía están protegidos por derechos de autor. Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos firmados son las de los autores y no coinciden necesariamente con las de los directores o los editores de la Revista Colombiana de Cirugía. Las sugerencias diagnósticas o terapéuticas como elección de productos, dosificación y métodos de empleo corresponden a la experiencia y al criterio de los autores.
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